PUBH 1021 EXAM 2

key causes of population aging in the United States

• baby boom

• we are living longer

sandwich generation

a generation of people raising children and taking care of their aging parents. can cause dynamical and mental stress

care provided unpaid by family and friends

this isn’t always possible, can cause stress, there are direct and indirect costs

compression of mortality

deaths have become extremely concentrated at the end of life span

chronic conditions: osteoporosis

condition caused by porous bones

intake enough calcium, vitamin d, and resistance training hroc

chronic conditions : falls

most fractures due to osteoporosis happen when people fall, over 1/3rd of people aged 65 and over fall each year, 1/10 result in severe injury (head injury)

prevention: review medications, continue to exercise, assistive devices, maximize lighting

chronic conditions: vision impairment cataracts 

 clouding of the lens, more than one half of adults will have one bore age 80

smoking and diabetes increase risk of cataracts

chronic conditions: vision impairment : glaucoma

pressure that causes damage on the optic nerve

age related macular degeneration : breakdown of light -sensing cells in the macula

diabetic retinopathy : high blood sugar causes damage to tiny blood vessels in the retinahroc

chronic conditions : hearing

most common related to reduced ability to hear high frequency soundshronic

chronic conditions : most common

tooth loss, cavities, periodontal disease, and oral cancer

Alzheimer’s disease ( increases in prevalence with age ) one in three older adults dies with alzheimer’s

• changes occur such as tangles of fibers in brain cells and deposits of beta-amyloid called plaques

• some risk factors are: weight control, physical activity, avoiding smoking, formal education

solutions for aging population

focus on prevention, maximize efficiency, maintain equity and quality

misinformation

is false information that is spread widely

disinformation

intentional spread of false information

ways to determine whether your news is fake news

• see if other news sources are reporting the same thing

• is it clear who owns the paper

• are experts named in the article

• is it sensationalized language

Federal Involvement in public health

department of health & human services : principal agency for protecting the health of all Americans and providing essential human services

basic function of CDC ( center of disease )

• prevent and protect from disease

• detect emerging threats both domestically and internationally 

• empowering communities and strengthening public health systems 

basic functions of NIH ( national institutes of health )

• conducting its own research 

• funding external biomedical and behavioral research at universities and medical institutions

• training research scientists

• disseminating science based health information

basic functions of FDA ( food and drug administration )

• to protect public health by ensuring the safety, effectiveness, and security of human and veterinary drugs, biological products, and medical devices.

functions of state health department

to promote protect and maintain the health and welfare of their citizens

monitor health trends

responding to emergencies

ex: restaurant inspections, reporting of communicable diseases, birth and death certificates

what largely operates at a local level

public health

NGO

nongovernmental organization

basic objectives:

• raise $$

• education regarding mission

• provide service

• perform advocacy 

ex: volunteer organizations

professional organizations ( American medical association, American public health association )

philanthropic organization ( kaiser family foundation , W.K Kellogg Foundation )

why do the United States have higher costs despite not having best quality care

high prices for services, drugs and administration along with underinvestment in preventative care and public health

fee for service system : each procedure is billed and paid for separately

Medicare 1965

serves people 65 age and older, people with certain disabilities and people with end stage renal diseaseediM

Medicaid 1965

serves individuals and families with low incomes and limited resources k

key differences of Medicare and Medicaid

eligibility ( age vs. income ) funding ( federal vs federal and state ) costs for recipients ( premiums/ deductibles vs. little to no cost )

role of public health in medical care

community health centers provide primary medical care for people experiencing poverty

government pays for services or there is sliding income

key provisions of Affordable care act

aimed to increase access to health insurance

insurance companies cannot :

• have lifetime limits on health coverage

• cancel policies of patients of medical costs rise

• spend too much on administrative costs or profits

• refuse to cover someone because of a chronic condition

children can stay until 26

preventative services are free to insures patients

medicare prescription drug coverage is more affordable

healthcare rationing 

the allocation of scare resources

ex: organ transplantation

the number of organs is never enough to fill the need

we also ration healthcare on the ability to pay. among developed countries the US is the only one to not have a universal healthcare system 

advance directives

written statements such as a living will made to ensure wishes are carried out should a person be unable to communicate