CMPE 246 Computer Engineering Design Studio

Embedded System

• System composed of hardware AND software to perform a set of pre-programmed functions

• Generally includes:

  • Microprocessor

  • RAM and ROM

  • ADC

  • Firmware

Big Bang Model

No planning or process before development of a system

Spiral Model

Loops through a development cycle of 4 phases:

• Planning

• Risk analysis

• Engineering

• Evaluation

Waterfall Model

Linear process where the next step cannot start until its previous step is finished.

Code-and-Fix Model

Requirements are defined but no planned processes before development

The V-Model

Framework in which development stages are directly tied in with testing stages

ARM processor

Processor of a smaller size in which power efficiency is prioritized

ROM

• “Read only memory”

• Stores code (AKA instructions) permanently

RAM

• “Random Access Memory”

• Stores temporary information

PROM

• “Programmable ROM”

EPROM

• “Erasable and programmable ROM”

Microprocessor

Takes in a task and processes it into instructions for (hardware or software??)

Advantages of Embedded System

• Cheap

• Portable

• Small

• Low power consumption

• High performance and accuracy

API

• “Application Programming Interface"“

• Takes instructions from user (picks from API documentation), transfers info to the application of API (info is translated for the software of interest

Drivers

• Piece of a software that allows communication between the and hardware

SRAM

• “Static Ram”

• Retains content as long as electric power is applied to chip

DRAM

• “Dynamic Ram”

• Retains content for an extremely short amount of time

  • About 4ms

Masked ROM

• Stores data permanently

• Typically programmed during the manufacturing stage

EEPROM

• “Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM”

• Type of hybrid memory

• Can be erased with electric power and reprogrammed

Flash Memory

• Type of hybrid memory

• Retains data without power

NVRAM

• “Non-Volatile RAM”

• Type of hybrid memory

• Fast, persistent data storage for speed

OS Kernel Mode

• Has unlimited access to hardware while OS is running

• Doing management of which tasks are running

  • Makes CPU process the higher priority tasks

OS User Mode

Limited access to CPU and memory

Operating System

• Copies a program and cuts it down sequentially into tasks that are sent to the processors.

• Is split up into user and kernel mode

Process/Task

A singular instruction of a program

Live Code

• Code that is actively being run

• AKA code currently going through the OS

Prefixes For Storage

Done in 2^n instead of 10^n

Ex:

• Gigabyes = 2^30 bytes

• Kilo = 2^10 bytes

PROM

• “Programmable ROM”

• ROM manufactured as blank ROM so user can edit it later.

EPROM

• ROM where it’s data can be erased and reprogrammed

• Requires strong UV light to erase the data

  • Dont ever use ts bruh

Buses

• System that only transmits information

• Ex.

  • Cables

  • Wifi

  • Bluetooth

  • Lasers

Buffer

• Type of memory where one device’s processor will send information into another’s “buffer”

System Bus

• AKA memory bus

• Connects the CPU and main memory of computer

Actuator

Takes electric signal and blends with energy source to create movement

IDE

• “Integrated development environment”

• Type sh

Embedded Testing

• Literally just Software and hardware verification and validation

  • AKA V&V

  • Verification: “yeah this does what we designed it to do”

  • Validation: “yeah the people and environment say it’s doing what they want it to do”

Firmware

• Code embedded into hardware

• Ex. Every time washing machine turns on, the firmware ensures it functions the same each time

Bare Metal

• Where developers to directly program hardware without OS

• Complete control over hardware pieces

ISP

• “In-system programming”

• Chips of which are already programmed before soldering onto a board

Upgrading Firmware

Two ways:

Flashing

Process of changing the firmware

• Erases and replaces the ROM inside microcontroller

Compiler

• Converts from high level code into assembly code (AKA binary)
  

• (Optional?) Two types:

  • Each line is compiled and sent to the processor one at a time for real time changes

  • Compiles everything and sends to processor, but if changes are made everything will have to compile again (basically translates to .exe files)

  • (shorten the examples?)

Executable File

• .exe file

• File that is of compiled code????

Assembly Code

• Code of which is in binary form

• Used so the processor can understand and complete the tasks

Communication Network

Does three things:

1. Data exchange: allows devices, sensors, and actuators to transfer/exchange data

2. System integration: connects multiple devices

3. Remote and control monitoring: remote supervision. firmware updates, and control commands

Physical Ports

• Physical connection points

• Ex.

  • Ethernet ports

  • Usb ports

Logical Ports

• Logical connection point

• Routes data

• Ex.

  • TCP/IP

  • HTTPS

    • Brewing secure websites

  • FTP

    • File transfers

Protocols

• Set rules and conventions on how data is formatted, transmitted, processed, and errors detected and corrected

Wireless Communication Protocol

• Enables data transmission over air without physical connectors

• Key characteristics:

  • Mobility: data moves without cables

  • Flexibility: scalable and adaptable to varies environments

  • Range: range varies: low data rate w/ long range and the opposite

  • Interference and security: Can be interfered with

BAN

• “Body area network”

• Literally just network of devices operating in or on a body

WAN

• “Wide area network”

• Network of devices +-10 meters away from your body

PAN

• “Personal area network”

LPWAN

• “Low power wide area network”

• idfk