Protozoa

encystation

The process by which a trophozoite differentiate into a cyst

exystation

process by which cysts differentiate unto trophozoite forms

infective stage

refers to the stage of the parasite that enters the host pr the stage that is present in the parasite's source of infection

pathogenic stage

refers to the stage of the parasite that is responsible for producing the organ damage in the host leading to the clinical manifestations

kingdom protozoa

consists of single-celled eukaryotic organisms that are spherical to oval or elongated in shape

binary fission

protozoa divides by the means of?

merogony or schizogony

Asexual reproduction is achieved through a process called

asexual and sexual means

sporozoans is produced through

trophozoite

most of the parasitic protozoa infections are diagnosed by demonstrating the motile, feeding, dividing stage of the parasite is called

cyst

the dormant, non motile form is called

false feet

trophozoites contains pseudopods is called as

Entamoeba histolytica

it is an intestinal and tissue amoeba and the only known pathogenic intestinal amoeba that is common in tropical countries

trophozoite

it is found within the intestinal and extra intestinal lesions, and in diarrheal stool

cysts

are usually found in non diarrheal, formed stools

flask shaped ulcers

the trophozoites of e.histolytica secrete enzymes that can cause local necrosis producing the typical with the parazites

acute intestinal amoebiasis

presents as bloody, mucus-containing diarrhea (dysentery) accompanied by lower abdominal discomfort, flatulence (release of gas), and tenesmus (feeling of incomplete defecation).

amoeboma

A lesion that may form in the cecum or in the rectosigmoid area of the colon, which may be mistaken for a malignant tumor

Extraintestinal amoebiasis

occurs when the parasites enters the circulatory system

amoebic liver abscess

it is the most common extraintestinal form of amoebiasis

giardia lambia

a subphylum mastigophora, also known as the girdia intestinalis

giardia lamblia

it is an intestinal protozoan that was initially known as cercomonas intestinalis

giardia duodenale

Another name used for Giardia lamblia.

old man faces

the trophozoite of giardia lamblia is described as remembling an?

giardiasis

also known as the travelers disease, an infection characterized by non bloody, foul-smelling diarrhea accompanied by nausea, loss of appetite, flatulence, and abdominal cramps

trichomonas vaginalis

part of subphylum mastigophora, a parasite that is pear shaped organism with central nucleus, four anterior flagella, and an undulating membrane

acanthamoeba

also known as the free living amoeba

acanthamoeba castellani

together with the naegleria, is a minor protozoan pathogen, but unlike naegleria, it usually causes inflammation of the brain substances and its meningeal coverings

acanthamoeba cestellani

a free living bacteria that can cause inflammation of the brain substance and its meningeal coverings

granulomatous amoebic encephalitis

infection occurs primarily in immunocompromised individuals which is manifested by headache, seizures, stiff neck, nausea, and vomiting

keratitis

infection of the cornea of the eye

naegleria

it is also classified as a free living protozoan which has the ability to survive in thermal spring water

slug like

trophozoite's of the naegleria is described as _ with pear shaped flagellate with two flagella responsible for the jerky movement

naegleria

it is often acquired transnasally when swimming in contaminated water

primary amoebic meningoencephalitis

this is caused by the amoeboid trophozoites, leading to rapid tissue tissue destruction manifested by sudden onset of sore throat, nausea, vomiting, fever, and headache

Leishmaniasis vector

sandfly

leishmaniasis spp

it is an obligate intracellular parasite

promastigote

it is the infective stage in leishmaniasis which may be seen only if a blood sample is collected and examined immediately after transmission

epimastigotes

are found primarily in the vector in leishmaniasis

amastigote

it is the pathogenic and diagnostic stage of leishmaniasis which is primarily found in tissue, muscle, as well as the central nervous system within macrophages and in cells of the reticuloendothelial

blepharoblast

it is the typical amastigote thqt is round and oval in shape and contains a nucleus, a basal body structure

kinetophlast

both the blepharoblast and parabasal body is collectively known as

leishmaniasis diovani

visceral leishmaniasis

leishmaniasis tropica

cutaneous leishmaniasis

leishmaniasis braziliensis

mucocutaneous leishmaniasis

leishmania donovani complex

it is the causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis

kala azar or dumdum fever

another term for visceral leishmaniasis

kala azar

means black sickness or black fever

leishmaniasis donovani chagassi

mainly seen in central america and is transmitted by the lutzomyia sandfly

leishmaniasis dovonavi donovani

found in the parts of africa and asia and is transmitted by the phlebotomus sandfly

leishmaniasis infantum

also transmitted by the phlebotomus sandfly that is found mainly in mediterranean europe

montonegro skin test

laboratory diagnosis for visceral leishmaniasis

strawberry cervix

Trichomonas vaginalis' manifestation when a women is infected wherein the cervix appears very red with small punctuate hemorrhage

conjunctivitis

infected infants may manifest _ when the mother passes trichomonas vaginalis through birth canal

prostatis

(inflammation of the prostate gland) when a man is infected with trichomoniasis, he might develop the symptoms of?

balantidium coli

it is a morphologically more complex than E. histolytica that consist of the primitive mouth called as the cystostome, nucleus, food vacuoles, and a pair of contractile vacuoles

balantidium coli

it is the largest protozoan (phylum ciliophora) to infect the humans

pig and monkeys

the most common reservoir for balantidium coli

leishmania braziliensis complex

it is the causative agent of mucocutaneous leishmaniasis which involves the skin cartilage, and mucous membranes which occurs mostly in brazil and central america

leishmaniasis panamensis

panama and colombia

leishmaniasis peruviana

peruvian andes

leishmaniasis guyanensis

the guianas

sandflies (luztomyia and psychodopigus)

infection of leishmaniasis braziliensis complex is transmitted through skin bite by?

mucocutaneous leishmaniasis

it is also called as espundia which begins with a papule at the site of insect bite, then forms metastatic lesions, usually at the mucocutaneous junction of the nose and mouth

tapir nose

a manifestation of symptom in mucocutaneous leishmaniasis wherein ulcerating lesions destroy the nose and mouth

ulcer biopsy

laboratory diagnosis for diagnosing mucocutaneous leishmaniasis

leishmania tropica complex

it consist of l. tropica, l. aethiopica, and l. major

leishmaniasis tropica complex

the causative agent of what is referred to as old world cutaneous leishmaniasis

phlebotomus

all of the complex in leishmaniasis tropica are transmitted by?

old world cutaneous leishmaniasis

it is also known as the oriental sore, baghdad, or deli boil

old world cutaneous leishmaniasis

it is characterized by one or several pus containing ulcers that may heal spontaneously with small pruritic red papule at the bite site

trypanosomes

they are also hemoflagellates like the leishmania

trypomastigotes in trypanosoma

are curved, assuming the shape of the letters C, S, ans U which are visible in peripheral blood

triatoma or cone nose

it is also known as the kissing bug

trypanosoma cruzi

it is often transferred to human host when the feces of the bug is containing trypomastigotes

trypanosoma cruzi

primarily found in south and central america that is transmitted by reduviid bug or triatomine bug

american trypanosomiasis

also known as the chagas disease

Chagoma (Romana's sign)

this is the acute phase of the chagas disease which are manifested by a nodule in the bite site with unilateral swelling of the eyelid

trypanosoma brucei gambiense and rhodesiense

their life cycle involves the tsetse fly as the vector

humans

these are the reservoir for trypanosomas brucei gambiense

domestic and wild animals

reservoirs of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense

west african or gambian sleeping

t. gambiense infection is also known as the_ which is chronic

east african or rhodesian sleeping

t, rhodesiense is also known as the which is more rapidly fatal

trypanosoma gambiense

causes disease along the water courses in west africa

trypanosomas rhodesiense

causes disease mostly in arid regions of east africa

chancre

a lesion in african sleeping sickness which is an indurated ulcer known as

Winterbottom's sign

it is also known as the enlargement of the posterior cervical lymph nodes

kerandell's sign

it is manifested by pruritis, localized edema, and delayed pain sensation

malaria

it is caused by plasmodium vivax, plasmodiu, malariae, plasmodium knowlesi, and plasmodium falciparum

female ampheles

it is the vector and definitive host in plasmodium

sporogony

also known as the sexual cycle which occurs primarily in mosquitoes

schizogony

also known as the asexual cycle which occurs in humans

Exoerythrocytic phase

infective stage is the sporozoite from the saliva of the bitting mosquito, which is taken up by the liver cells

hypnozoite

plasmodium vivax and plasmodium ovale produce a latent form called as the ————— also known as the sleeping form

plasmodium knowlesi

a natural parasite of macaque monkeys

rigors

also known as chills

myalgia

also known as muscle pain

athralgia

also known as the joint pain

tertian malaria

it is a type of malaria that is caused by p vivax, p ovale, and p falciparum

plasmodium falciparum

causes malignant tertian malaria since it causes severe infection which is potentially life threatening due to extensive brain (cerebral malaria) and kidney damage

black water fever

it is a form of type III hypersensitivity in response to parasite