Exploitation of Natural Resources & Introduction of New Products

Industrial Revolution

Period of rapid industrial growth in the 19th century.

Oil Discovery

Finding oil sources in the UK and US.

Oil Boom

Rapid increase in oil production and usage.

Hardstoft Oil Field

First UK oil field discovered in 1919.

Government-funded Exploration

State-sponsored drilling for indigenous oil supplies.

World War I Impact

Increased need for local oil sources during war.

Petroleum Commodity

Oil established as a tradable economic good.

Oil Uses

Heating, lighting, lubrication, and manufacturing products.

Dreadnought Battleships

Advanced naval ships powered by oil instead of coal.

Sir William Clavell

Used Kimmeridge oil shale for glass making.

Bituminous Shale Company

Exported un-retorted shale for various products.

Gas Lamps

Used shale oil to light streets in Wareham.

Lower Carboniferous Oil Shales

Produced mineral oil from 1851 to 1962.

Onshore Gas Discovery

Gas found in Heathfield, Sussex in 1896.

Colonial Oil Sourcing

UK sourced oil from colonies in the 20th century.

CO2 Emissions

UK's cumulative emissions around 76.4 billion tonnes.

Colonial Emissions

Additional 53.7 billion tonnes from colonies.

Greenhouse Gas Production

Environmental impact from extensive oil usage.

Oil in Cosmetics

Oil used in personal care products and cosmetics.

Asphalt Production

Oil used for building roads and infrastructure.

Oil and Natural Gas

Primary fossil fuels used for energy and heating.

Innovations in Technology

Advancements driven by oil industry developments.

Maritime Industry Innovations

Improvements in naval technology due to oil usage.

Titusville, Pennsylvania

Site of the first US oil discovery in 1859.

Edwin Drake

First person to successfully drill for oil in the US.

Age of Petroleum

Period marked by increased oil production and consumption.

Whale Oil

Primary lamp fuel before the rise of petroleum.

Pennsylvania Oil Rush

Massive influx of oil drilling in Pennsylvania post-discovery.

Seneca Oil Company

First oil corporation formed to develop Pennsylvania oil.

Standard Oil Company

Monopoly established by John D. Rockefeller in 1867.

Kerosene

Inexpensive oil product used for lighting and heating.

Sherman Antitrust Act

1890 law aimed at breaking monopolies in the US.

Ohio Supreme Court

Intervened against Standard Oil in 1892.

Oil Production Growth

From 2,000 barrels/year to 2,000 barrels/17 minutes.

Corporate Monopoly

Standard Oil controlled 90-95% of US oil refining.

Railroad Rebates

Favorable rates used by Standard Oil for transportation.

Environmental Impacts

Consequences of oil drilling on ecosystems.

Offshore Drilling

First occurred in California in 1896.

Alternative Energy Sources

Reduced demand for whale oil and coal.

Innovations in Oil Industry

Developments like kerosene distillation and pipeline transport.

Oil Drilling Techniques

Methods developed to protect wellbore integrity.

Oil Consumption Post-WWII

Increased energy consumption in USA, UK, Europe.

Oil as a Sustainable Resource

Preferred over whaling due to sustainability.

Mobil Oil Corporation

Company formed post-Standard Oil breakup.

Chevron Corporation

Resulted from mergers after Standard Oil's divestment.

Agricultural Uses of Kerosene

Used in pesticides and machinery lubricants.

Submerged Lands Act

Legislation granting states rights to submerged lands.

Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act

Regulates oil exploration on the continental shelf.

National Environmental Policy Act

1970 act requiring environmental impact assessments.

Oil spills

Accidental releases of oil harming marine ecosystems.

Marine ecology

Study of marine organisms and their environments.

Legislation for aquatic wildlife

Laws aimed at protecting marine species.

Transportation sector

Industry involving the movement of goods and people.

Coal dependency

Reliance on coal as primary energy source.

Laissez-faire policies

Economic approach minimizing government intervention.

Standard Oil Company

Major US oil monopoly broken up by legislation.

Offshore drilling

Extracting oil from beneath the ocean floor.

Greenhouse gases

Gases contributing to the greenhouse effect.

Bessemer process

Method for mass-producing steel inexpensively.

Industrial revolution

Period of major industrial growth and innovation.

Ecological damage

Harm caused to ecosystems by human activities.

Government involvement

Active participation of government in economic affairs.

Colonial-market policies

Trade strategies benefiting colonial powers.

Petroleum innovations

Advancements in oil technology and applications.

Automotive industry

Sector focused on manufacturing vehicles.

Steel's versatility

Ability to be used in various applications.

Henry Bessemer

Inventor of the Bessemer process for steel.

Mass production

Manufacturing large quantities efficiently.

Environmental concerns

Issues related to ecological impacts of industries.

Bessemer Process

Steel production method increasing efficiency and reducing costs.

Iron Ore

Essential raw material for steel production, converted to pig iron.

Pig Iron

Intermediate product from iron ore before steel production.

Phosphorus Content

High levels in UK ores hindered Bessemer process effectiveness.

Thomas-Gilchrist Converter

1885 invention to remove phosphorus from iron ores.

UK Steel Production Cost (1855)

Dropped from £50-60/t to £6-7/t.

Bessemer Process Adoption

By 1880, 80% of UK steel produced used this method.

Iron Ore Mining Surge

Increased demand led to new foundries in northern England.

Coal Production Increase

From 71.51 million tonnes (1853) to 292.03 million (1913).

Limestone and Dolomite

Used in converter linings to remove phosphorus.

Carboniferous Limestones

Found in Derbyshire and Staffordshire, used for quarrying.

Environmental Problems

Deep mining caused land instability and other issues.

US Iron Ore Deposits

Low phosphorus content suited original Bessemer process.

Rapid Industrial Growth

Fueled by iron ore extraction and infrastructure development.

High Tariffs on Steel

Protected US market, aiding domestic steel companies.

Global Steel Dominance

US surpassed UK in steel production by early 20th century.

Automotive Industry Growth

US infrastructure development supported automotive vehicle diffusion.

Infrastructural Development

US focused on roads; UK prioritized railways.

Natural Resource Extraction

Economic growth linked to resource availability and utilization.

UK vs US Steel Industry

Distinct impacts due to ore composition and industrial differences.

Economic Growth Factors

Success of automotive industry influenced by resource extraction.

Service Stations Construction

More rapid in US compared to UK.

Emerging Global Competitors

UK faced challenges from US steel industry advancements.

Automotive Industry

Sector focused on manufacturing vehicles and parts.

Mass Production Techniques

Methods to produce large quantities efficiently.

Model T Ford

Affordable car model produced by Ford from 1908.

Trafford Park Factory

Ford's largest overseas factory in Manchester, 1911.

Motor Vehicle Ownership

Percentage of population owning vehicles.

Market Fragmentation

Presence of many small companies hindering dominance.

Assembly Line

Production method invented by Henry Ford for efficiency.

Ford's $5 Minimum Wage

1914 wage that helped establish the US middle class.