Biomed final exam

Name 5 pieces of evidence that might be obtained at a crime scene that could help solve the crime -blood

• DNA

-Hair

-Weapon

• fingerprint

Name all four bases of DNA- which bases are structurally similar to one another? Which bases pair with each other? Which base is not present in RNA? Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine (A-T, G-C)

In RNA, Thymine is replaced with Uracil

What do restriction enzymes do? Restriction enzymes come from bacteria and make cuts in DNA. These fragments can become RFLPs and can be run through gel electrophoresis

What does gel electrophoresis do? Which way does DNA run on the gel? Separated RFLPs based on size. The smallest pieces travel the furthest. They migrate to the positive terminal because of DNAs negative charge

How does DNA differ from person to person? The sequence and number of base pairs. Human DNA differs only in the sequence of bases - 0.1%

What strand of DNA would bind with this strand?

ATCGTCAGG TAGCAGTCC

Compare the differences of Type 1 diabetes and Type 2 Diabetes Type 1: Hereditary, weight loss, hunger, fatigue, thirst, frequent urination, cells kill off insulin producing beta cells, requires insulin injection and pump, can cause early death, can cause blindness, retinopathy, heart disease, kidney disease, and feet problem

Type 2: caused by poor diet, being overweight, high blood pressure, neuropathy, body makes insulin but isn't used properly by the body or is not enough to meet body demand, treatment- good diet, exercise, meds. UTI, thirst, headaches, fatigue

Explain the difference between negative and positive feedback (give examples). Positive feedback is one circle (Giving birth)

Negative feedback is a figure eight (Blood glucose levels)

Explain the difference between dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis. Dehydration synthesis: Monomers are joined by removal of OH from one monomer and removal of H from another at the sight of bond formation

Hydrolysis: monomers are released by addition of a water molecule adding OH to one monomer and H to the other

Explain the process of calorimetry and how it is used to measure the amount of energy in a food Uses a piece of equipment to measure energy released or absorbed during a chemical reaction or phase change. Allows us to determine the number of calories per gram of food. Burns a piece of food and energy released is used to heat as known quantity of water. Temperature change of water is used to determine amount of energy in food

What is osmosis- explain it in your own words Osmosis is the movement of water Into a region of higher solute concentration to try to balance the concentration of solute on 2 sides

Why are diabetics constantly dehydrated and urinating so often? Blood sugar is hypertonic - water from cells moves to blood- causes cells to be dehydrated and thirsty- excess waters causes excretion by kidneys

List 3 complications of diabetes Cardiovascular disease: diabetes affect the heart and blood vessels cardiovascular system

Hypertension: Diabetes causes high blood pressure respiratory system

Hypercholesterolemia: diabetes can lead to high cholesterol levels

Difference between sickle cells and normal red blood cells? Sickle cells are cresent shape and make it harder to travel through bloodstream. Normal red blood cells are round/oval shaped

How is anemia diagnosed? RBC Count: checks hemoglobin/hemarocrit levels

Hematocrit: RBC level/ blood level x 100 = RBS % volume = hematocrit

hemoglobin: looks at different types of hemoglobin in the blood

Name and describe the role of each of the four components of blood Red blood cells: Erythrocytes - carry oxygen and carbon dioxide around the body

White blood cells: Leukocytes - Help blood clot

Plasma: Liquid that carries essential proteins and blood cells around the body

Platelets: Thrombocytes - helps blood clot

Name 3 symptoms of sickle cell anemia and how they affect daily life Loss of spleen, stroke/blood clots in the brain, difficulty breathing, anemia/cells die quickly, pain

Protein synthesis All instructions for proteins, like hemoglobin, are stored in our DNA, which is located in a cell's chromosomes. This DNA must be turned into mRNA, through a process called transcription. This process takes place in the nucleus. The mRNA then takes the message to the cytoplasm, specifically to a ribosome. This is where the process of translation takes place. A tRNA matches its anitcodon to a codon on the mRNA. The tRNA then drops off its amino acid. Many of these monomers make up the final protein of hemoglobin

Name and describe the job of each of the three types of RNA mRNA: messenger RNA- translated into protein by joint action of tRNA

tRNA: Transfer RNA- read message of nucleic acids or nucleotides and translate it into proteins or Amin acids

rRNA: ribosomal RNA- binds tRNAs and various accessory molecules necessary for protein synthesis

In sickle cell anemia... Glutamic acid is changed to valine through a type of mutation called point in the DNA code. Glutamic acid is hydrophilic meaning it likes water; but valine is hydrophobic meaning it hates water

What is a karyotype?What sorts of diseases can and cannot be diagnosed using a karyotype? Picture of all chromosomes from an individual cells- check for chromosomes abnormalities

This process makes new body cells for repair and replacement mitosis

This process makes sex cells of sperm and egg meiosis

Each body has how many chromosomes? 46

Each gamete has how many chromosomes? 23

What does HIPAA stand for and what does it say? HIPPA: Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act

HIPPA protects the privacy of patients personal health information

Why does sickle cell disease run in families, yet is not present in every generation? Sickle Cell disease runs in families but is not present in every generation, because it is a recessive disease.

List the specific arteries and veins of the heart that are different from the pattern seen in the rest of the body and explain how and why they are different The pulmonary artery does not carry oxygenated blood from the right ventricle into the capillaries of the lungs for the purpose of gas exchange. The pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart. The pulmonary vein still carries blood TO the heart

What is the pathway blood takes as it passes through the heart? Blood enters the heart through two large veins, the inferior and superior vena cava, emptying oxygen-poor blood from the body into the right atrium of the heart. The atrium contacts and blood flow from your right atrium into your right ventricle though the tricuspid valve. When the ventricle is full, the tricuspid valve shuts to prevent blood from backing up. Blood leaves heart through pulmonic valve into pulmonary artery. The pulmonary vein empties oxygen rich blood from the lungs into the left atrium. As the atrium contracts blood flows from your left atrium into left ventricle. When ventricle is full the mitral valve shuts. As the ventricle contracts, blood leaves the heart to the aortic valve into the rest of the body

What is heart rate? The number of beats per minute. Heart rate is based on the number of contractions of ventricles. 60-100 bpm is the range of a resting hr

What is blood pressure? How is it measured? What are the units of blood pressure? Blood pressure is the pressure of blood in circulatory system often measure for diagnosis since it is closely related to force/rate of hear beat and diameter/ elasticity of arterial walls. Measured in millimeters of mercury

systolic/ diastolic

What does EKG stand for? What does it measure? EKG= Electrocardiogram. It measures your hearts electrical activity

Name the two nodes of the heart and where each is located. Which one is called the "pacemaker" sinoatrial node (located in the right atrium) pacemaker

Atrioventricular node (located on the interatrial septum close to the tricuspid valve)

What are the two major functions of cholesterol in or bodies? aid in production of hormones

used to help liver create bile which aids us in digesting food

Is cholesterol hydrophobic or hydrophilic? How can it be carries in our hydrophilic bloodstream? Cholesterol is an amphipathic molecule- it contains a hydrophilic and a hydrophobic portion. Cholesterol travels in the blood transported in molecules called lipoproteins

What is atherosclerosis? How can it affect blood pressure? atherosclerosis = hardening of arteries with blood vessels opening smaller, the heart has to pump harder increasing blood pressure

Name four risk factors for developing heart disease high cholesterol

unhealthy diet

no exercise

diabetes

what is a problem with a person with the FH mutation? A person with the FH mutation cannot remove LDL from blood causing hypercholesterolemia

What does PCR stand for? What is the purpose of PCR? Polymerase Chain Reaction - creates hundreds of copies of a certain piece of DNA

What is a RFLP and how is it used in DNA analysis? Section of DNA that can be used in gel electrophoresis to determine its length

Name and explain 3 procedures that could help treat a blockage in the heart Stent: tubular suport placed temporarily inside a blood vessel, canal, or duct to aid healing/ relieve an obstruction

Angiogram: used to look at the arteries and veins

Heart Transplant: performed on patients with end-stage heart failure of severe coronary artery disease when other surgical treatments have failed

Explain the structural difference between gram + and gram - bacteria. Which one stains pink? Gram + has thicker peptidoglycan layer than gram - allowing gram + bacteria to stain purple when alcohol is applies to cell

How can viruses be prevented? How can bacterial infections be prevented? How can each be treated? Good hygiene prevents viruses. Bacterial infections can be prevented with good hygiene. Viruses have to let them run course and bacteria can be treated with antibiotics

Skin Acts as a barrier against pathogens

Phagocytes Swallow pathogens

Inflammation Allows more blood, carrying WBCs to go to central

B Cells Create anti-bodies

T-Cells Can kill pathogens

Bladder, kidneys, urethra are all apart of what body system? Urinary

Heart and veins are both apart of what body system? Cardiovascular

Lungs, trachea, Larynx are all apart of what body system? Respiratory

Pancreas, eye, lymph node, thymus, spleen are all apart of what body system? Immune

Brain is apart of what body system? Nervous

Gall bladder, teeth are both apart of what body system? Digestive