Grade 10 Science Review Flashcards

Flashcards for Grade 10 Biology Review

What is the Cell Theory?

All living organisms are composed of cells, the basic structural and functional units of life. All cells arise from pre-existing cells.

Compare prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

Prokaryotes lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles, while eukaryotes possess a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

What are the major organelles found in plant and animal cells?

Nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, cell membrane, cell wall (plants), chloroplasts (plants)

Why do cells divide?

For growth, repair, and reproduction.

What are the three distinct stages of the cell cycle?

Interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis.

What are the four phases of mitosis?

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.

What is cancer? What are carcinogens/mutagens? List types of tumors.

Uncontrolled cell growth. Carcinogens/mutagens are substances that can cause cancer. Tumors can be benign (non-cancerous), malignant (cancerous and can spread), or metastatic (has spread to other parts of the body).

List four diagnostic imaging techniques that allow the detection of cancer.

X-rays, CT scans, MRI, and PET scans.

What are the treatments of cancer, and which is the best?

Surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, targeted therapy. The 'best' depends on the type and stage of cancer and patient factors.

What are specialized cells?

Cells that have differentiated to perform specific functions (e.g., nerve cells, muscle cells).

Know two types of stem cells.

Embryonic stem cells (pluripotent) and adult stem cells (multipotent).

Know the purpose, function, and path of the digestive system.

To break down food into smaller molecules for absorption. Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus.

Where does most digestion occur?

Small intestine.

What are the accessory organs of the digestive system?

Liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.

What is the circulatory system composed of?

Heart, blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries), and blood.

What are the four components of the connective tissue blood?

Plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.

List the three types of blood cells.

Red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes), and platelets (thrombocytes).

Know the purpose, function, and components of the respiratory system.

To exchange gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide). Nose, trachea, bronchi, lungs, alveoli.

What is the main risk for organ donation? How can this be reduced?

Risk of rejection by the recipient's immune system. Can be reduced by matching donor and recipient tissues.

Know the function and components of the musculoskeletal system.

Provides support, movement, and protection. Bones, muscles, tendons, and ligaments.

What composes the nervous system?

Brain, spinal cord, and nerves.

List the two body systems in plants.

Shoot system and root system.

What is the equation for photosynthesis?

6CO2 + 6H2O -> C6H12O6 + 6O2 (Carbon dioxide + Water -> Glucose + Oxygen).

List the major tissue systems in plants.

Dermal tissue, ground tissue, and vascular tissue.

What are the two types of vascular systems responsible for in plants?

Xylem (transports water and minerals) and phloem (transports sugars).

What are apical meristems, and what are they similar to in animals?

Regions of active cell division at the tips of roots and shoots. Similar to stem cells in animals.

What are the two categories for the causes of cancer?

Genetic factors and environmental factors.

Know the pathway, role, and diseases of the systems we studied.

Pathway, role, and diseases of the digestive, circulatory, respiratory, musculoskeletal, and nervous systems.

What is the most important system (to keep the body functioning)?

All systems work in coordination and all are equally important to keep the body functioning.

Describe the structural hierarchy found in the body.

Cells -> tissues -> organs -> organ systems -> organism.

What is the job/role of xylem, phloem, roots, and leaves?

Xylem (transports water), phloem (transports sugars), roots (absorb water and nutrients), and leaves (photosynthesis).

Know the terms malignant, benign, and metastatic.

Malignant (cancerous and can spread), benign (non-cancerous), and metastatic (has spread to other parts of the body).

What is xenotransplantation?

Transplantation of living cells, tissues, or organs from one species to another.

What is the purpose of telomeres?

Protect the ends of chromosomes from damage.

Know the difference between osmosis and diffusion.

Osmosis is the movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration. Diffusion is the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

What are the 5 clues that a chemical change has occurred?

Color change, formation of a precipitate, gas production, temperature change, and light emission.

Know the patterns on the periodic table.

Periods (rows) and groups (columns), metal/non-metal/metalloid locations, trends in electronegativity and ionization energy.

Be able to find and draw Bohr diagrams and Lewis dot diagrams - atoms and ions.

Bohr diagrams show electron shells, Lewis dot diagrams show valence electrons.

What affects the reactivity of an element?

Number of valence electrons and electronegativity.

Identify the cation and anions in a compound.

Cations are positively charged ions, anions are negatively charged ions.

What is the definition and characteristics of an ionic bond?

Electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions. Characteristics: high melting point, brittle, conducts electricity when dissolved in water.

Show the criss-cross method of joining elements/polyatomics.

The criss-cross method involves using the numerical value of each ion's charge as the subscript of the other ion in the formula.

Calculate the overall charge on a compound.

The overall charge on a compound should be zero.

Be familiar with binary, stock system, polyatomic, and prefix naming.

Naming conventions for different types of compounds.

When does a covalent bond form a compound?

When atoms share electrons to achieve a stable electron configuration.

What is an effective collision?

A collision that has sufficient energy and proper orientation for a reaction to occur.

Know the 7 diatomics.

H2, N2, O2, F2, Cl2, Br2, I2.

Be able to count atoms.

Understanding subscripts and coefficients.

Understand the types of reactions and be able to predict products.

Synthesis, decomposition, single displacement, double displacement, combustion, neutralization.

What is the Law of Conservation of Mass?

Matter cannot be created or destroyed in a chemical reaction.

What are the methods of preventing corrosion?

Coatings, galvanization, and cathodic protection.

Compare and contrast acids and bases.

Acids donate protons (H+), taste sour, and have a pH less than 7. Bases accept protons, taste bitter, and have a pH greater than 7.

Compare oxyacids with binary acids.

Oxyacids contain oxygen, binary acids do not.

Know the pH scale and how to calculate the strengths.

pH ranges from 0 to 14. Lower pH is more acidic, higher pH is more alkaline/basic.

What are the products of a neutralization reaction?

Salt and water.

What causes acid precipitation?

Emissions of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides react with water, oxygen, and other chemicals in the atmosphere.

What are the effects of acid precipitation (economic, environmental, and human)?

Acid precipitation causes damage to buildings, waterways, ecosystems, and human health.

How is acid precipitation formed from smelting?

Smelting releases sulfur dioxide, which leads to acid rain.

Know the difference between endothermic and exothermic.

Endothermic absorbs heat, exothermic releases heat.

What is beneficial corrosion?

A protective layer of oxide forms on certain metals (like aluminum), preventing further corrosion.

Describe how phytoremediation helps soil.

Plants are used to remove pollutants from the soil.

What are pH indicators?

Substances that change color in the presence of an acid or base.

What is dry deposition?

Acidic pollutants fall to the earth as solid particles, dust, or gases.

Know the difference between ionic and molecular compounds.

Ionic compounds transfer electrons, molecular compounds share electrons.

What is the biggest drawback of using hydrogen fuel?

Difficult and expensive to store/transport.

Know how to write word, skeletal, and balanced equations.

Word equations use names of the substances, skeletal equations use chemical formulas but aren't balanced, balanced equations use formulas and are balanced.

What is galvanized steel?

Steel coated with zinc to prevent corrosion.

What is the functional group/element of acids and bases?

Acids contain H+, bases contain OH-.

Be familiar with the electromagnetic spectrum.

Radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X-rays, gamma rays.

What are the colors of visible light?

Red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet.

Which color is the longest wavelength, shortest wavelength? Which light will refract with the greatest angle as it goes thru the prism?

Red is the longest, violet is the shortest. Violet will refract with the greatest angle.

Know the several methods of producing light.

Incandescence, fluorescence, phosphorescence, chemiluminescence, bioluminescence, triboluminescence.

How is the laser unique?

Monochromatic, coherent, and collimated.

What is the Law of Reflection?

The angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection.

Know concave and convex mirrors.

Concave mirror curves inward, convex mirror curves outward.

What are the characteristics of an image in a plane mirror?

Upright, same size, virtual, located behind the mirror.

In convex mirrors, know how to draw images and use SALT.

Images are always virtual, upright, and smaller.

In concave mirrors, know how to draw images and use SALT.

Images can be real or virtual, upright or inverted, magnified or reduced, depends on object position.

Why does light refract?

Light changes speed when it enters a different medium.

What is the speed of light?

Approximately 3.0 x 10^8 m/s.

Be able to rearrange the Index of Refraction equation.

n = c/v.

What is partial reflection and refraction?

Some light is reflected and some is refracted when light strikes a boundary between two media.

When does total internal reflection occur?

When light travels from a more dense to a less dense medium at an angle greater than the critical angle.

Explain fiber optics.

Uses total internal reflection to transmit light through thin fibers.

What is apparent depth?

The perceived depth of an object underwater is less than its actual depth.

When does a mirage happen?

When light refracts through layers of air with different temperatures.

What are the characteristics of the 2 types of lenses?

Convex lenses are converging, concave lenses are diverging.

Be able to use SALT with the two types of lenses.

Describing the image using Size, Attitude, Location, and Type.

What is the thin lens equation?

1/f = 1/di + 1/do

What is the magnification equation?

M = hi/ho = -di/do

What are the characteristics of an image on the retina of a healthy eye?

Inverted, real, and smaller.

What are conditions that lead to a distorted image in a person with sight problems?

Myopia (nearsightedness), hyperopia (farsightedness), astigmatism.

Understand the importance of critical angle.

The angle of incidence that produces an angle of refraction of 90 degrees.

Know the difference between real and virtual images.

Real images can be projected onto a screen, virtual images cannot.

Be able to describe what happens when light passes through lenses.

Light bends (refracts) as it enters and exits the lens.

Draw what happens when light goes from air into water (and vice versa).

Light bends towards the normal when entering water, and away from the normal when exiting water.

Draw light reflecting off a plane mirror.

Angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection.

Know the variable chart (thin lens equation).

List all the variables in the thin lens equation and their significance