M2S3: Reactions and Calculations

Acid

• Proton donor

• Release H+ in water

Base

Proton acceptors

Alkalis

• Bases soluble in water

• Release OH- in solution

Strong acid/base

• Little backwards reaction happens

• Nearly all acid/base dissociate

Weak acid/base

• Backwards reaction favoured

• Small amount of acid/base dissociated

Different salts from acids

• Sulfuric acid = sulphates - SO₄^2-

• Hydrochloric acid = chlorides - Cl^-

• Nitric acid = nitrates - NO₃^-

Acid + Base

Acid + Base —> Salt + Water

Acid + Metal

• Metal + Acid —> Salt + Hydrogen

• MASH

Acid + Metal oxide

Metal hydroxide + acid —> Salt + Water

Acid + Carbonates

Metal carbonate + Acid —> Salt + Carbon dioxide + Water

Water of crystalisation

Water in lattice of salt

Titration indicators

• Methyl orange: yellow —> red

• Phenolphthalein: pink —> colourless

• Alkaline —> acid

Percentage yield

(Actual yield / Theoretical yield) x 100

Percentage atom economy

(Mr of desired product / Sum Mr of all products) x 100

Oxidation

Loss electrons

Reduction

Gain electrons

Oxidising agent

• Accepts electrons

• Gets reduced

Reducing agent

• Donates electrons

• Gets oxidised

Changing oxidisation num

• Oxidisation num increase by 1 for every electron lost

• Oxidisation num decrease by 1 for every electron gained