BIO PRACTICAL lec2 GIT (coloremitry)

What are the principle plasma proteins in our body

Tinclude Albumin, Globulins, Fibrinogen and Prothrombin.

Site of synthesis of plasma proteins

They are all synthesized in Liver except γ Globulins synthesized in Reticulo Endothelial System (RES).

Normal value of total serum proteins

6 – 8 g/dL.

when does plasma protein levels decreased than normal value ? (below 6 )

1. Over hydration.

2. Liver disease (decreased synthesis).

3. Kidney disease (increased loss in urine as in nephropathy).

4. Diminished dietary protein intake.

5. Extensive Burns.

6. GIT losses (Malabsorption – Protein losing Enteropathy)

Total protein increases in:

• dehydration

• chronic inflammation (high bacteria = high protein synthesis )

• para proteinemia

what is para proteinemia

abnormal Immunoglubuluin or part of it blood or urine

MENTION THE PRINCIPLE OF (colorimetric determination of total plasma proteins )

Formula for total serum proteins

Conc. of total serum proteins = (A of sample / A of standard) x conc of standard (10 g/dL) = ………… g/dL.

لو عطاك معطيات و قلك جيب تركيز البرروتين شو بتعمل

1) write the formula

2)calculate

3) say if increased or decreased protein level (normal = 6-8g/dl )

4)mention causes of increased or decreased level

what is the reagent used in colorimetry

Biuret reagent (BI=2 , URET=urine)

Reagent: Standard Albumin solution

10 g/dL.

Wave length used

546 nm (540 – 560 nm).

define newborn screening

panel of laboratory tests performed on newborn to detect genetic diseases

what type of diagnosis does newborn screening focus on

early diagnosis for preventing complications of the genetic diseases

how to perform newborn screening

1) take blood sample (from heel prick)

2) put sample on dry blood spot speicmen (filter paper)

3) it should be taken directly after birth

uses of newborn screening include test for :

1) matabolic problems

2) hormone problems

3) hemoglobin problems

give example of metabolic problem that can be diagnosed by newborn screening

phenylketonuria ( PKU )

give example of hormone problem that can be diagnosed by newborn screening

1) congenital hypothyrodism

2) congenital adrenal hyperplasia

give example of hemoglobin problem that can be diagnosed by newborn screening

1) sickle cell disease

2) thalassemia

define phenylketonuria PKU disease

autosomal recessive genitic disorder

what cause phenylketonuria PKU

decrease in Hepatic Phenylanlanine Hyrdoxylase PAH activity

what happen of HPH decrease

phenylalanine will not be converted to tyrosine —→ accumulation of phenyl alanine which is toxic for brain ,blood and urine

what if the phenyl alanine is acuumulated in brain

it will cause chemical imbalance (mental retardation)

how is the level of Tyrosine is phenylketonuria PKU disease

abnormally low particularly of dietery tyrosine is difficient

so what will happen if tyrosine levels are low

• compounds derived from tyrosine will also be low

what are aslan the compounds derived from tyrosine

1) melanin pigment (hair,skin,eye color)

2)Neurotransmitters (domapine & noradrenaline & adrenaline )

give a treatment that can reduce the mental impairment caused by PKU

diet rich in tyrosine and low in phenylalanine

mention the DIAGNOSIS of phenylketonuria

1) newborn screening is done in 1st week of life by measuring the blood phenylalanine twice:

• 1st time directly after birth

• 2nd time 48 hours after feeding milk

what method is used to diagnose PKU

fluorescent Ninhydrin method

what device read the fluorescent od ninhydrin

fluorometer

tell me the hormone problems that can be detected by newborn screening

1) congenital hypothyrodism

2) congential adrenal hyperplasia

define congenital hyperthyrdosim

Congenital Hyperthyrodism {CH) , result from a failure of the thyroid glans to produce thyroid hormones is good amounts

treatment of congenital hyperthyrodism

easily treated by daily doses of thyroxin

what are the diagnosis of congenital hyperthyrodsim

1) clinical diagnosis {difficult to establish } disease may continue unrecognized for a long time causing

• irreversible brain damage

• mental retardation

2) laboratory diagnosis { increased TSH and decreased T4 are clear sign of CH}

mention the method used for screening of Neonatal hTSH

Direct sandwich ELISA teqnique

what fluorescence signal tell us in determination of neonatal hTSH

Flueroscence signal is proprtional to analyte concentration

mention the method used for screening of Neonatal T4

competitive ELISA technique

what fluorescence signal tell us in determination of neonatal T4

Fluoroscence signal is INVERSELY proportional to analyte concentration