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Biological rhythms
Natural cycles that regulate physiological processes.
Circadian rhythms
Natural rhythms with a ~24-hour cycle.
Free-running
Circadian rhythm maintained without external cues.
Phase shift
Change in activity due to synchronizing stimulus.
Entrainment
Process of synchronizing biological rhythms.
Zeitgeber
External cue that synchronizes biological rhythms.
Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)
Brain region that regulates circadian rhythms.
Tau mutation in sleep
Genetic alteration causing shorter circadian rhythms.
Melanopsin
Photopigment in ganglion cells for light detection.
Ultradian rhythms
Rhythms occurring more than once per day.
Infradian rhythms
Rhythms occurring less than once per day.
Circannual rhythms
Yearly rhythms influenced by seasonal changes.
Sleep/wake cycle
Most prominent circadian rhythm in humans.
EEG
Electroencephalogram measuring brain electrical activity.
REM sleep
Stage of sleep with rapid eye movement.
NREM sleep
Non-rapid eye movement sleep with multiple stages.
Hypnic jerks
Sudden muscle contractions during Stage 1 sleep.
Sleep spindles
Bursts of brain activity during Stage 2 sleep.
Delta waves
Slow brain waves during deep sleep (SWS).
Night terrors
Sudden arousal from deep sleep with fear.
Dreams
Mental experiences during REM and non-REM sleep.
Infant sleep patterns
Infants sleep more and have shorter cycles.
Elderly sleep changes
Older adults need less sleep and awaken more.
Cognitive decline
Reduced cognitive function often linked to sleep loss.
Basic rest-activity cycle
Ultradian rhythm lasting approximately 90 minutes.
Sustained Sleep Deprivation
Leads to increased metabolic rate and weight loss.
Fatal Familial Insomnia
Genetic defect causing mid-age sleep cessation.
Sleep Deprivation Effects
Causes irritability, concentration difficulty, and disorientation.
Memory Consolidation
Sleep promotes the consolidation of memories.
Energy Conservation
Reduced metabolic activity during sleep for survival.
Niche Adaptation
Sleep adapts organisms to ecological niches.
Body Restoration
Sleep rebuilds body materials and functions.
Forebrain System
Displays slow-wave sleep independently.
Brainstem System
Activates forebrain to induce wakefulness.
Pontine System
Triggers REM sleep through specific brain cells.
Hypothalamic System
Regulates other brain systems for sleep/wake cycles.
Narcolepsy
Characterized by sudden, intense sleep bouts.
Cataplexy
Sudden muscle tone loss without consciousness.
Sleep Enuresis
Bed-wetting occurring during slow-wave sleep.
Somnambulism
Sleepwalking occurring during slow-wave sleep.
REM Behavior Disorder
Acting out dreams, often linked to aging.
Insomnia
Difficulty in falling or maintaining sleep.
Sleep Apnea
Breathing interruptions during sleep, causing health issues.
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)
Possible serotonin system abnormalities affecting respiration.
Benzodiazepines
Recent drugs for insomnia, may cause daytime drowsiness.
Sleep Recovery
Lost sleep cannot be fully recovered.
Prolonged Sleep Deprivation
Hallucinations may occur after over 8 days.
Neurotransmitter Systems
Affected by general anesthetics during sleep.
Basal Forebrain Neurons
Active at sleep onset, promoting sleepiness.
Reticular Formation
Collection of cells promoting wakefulness.
Hypocretin Neurons
Regulate sleep/wakefulness; loss linked to narcolepsy.
NREM Stage 1
8-12Hz (alpha rhythm. Vertex spikes = sharp spikes in EEG.
Hypnic jerks occur in this stage
NREM Stage 2
12-14 Hz. K complexes = sharp negative EEG potentials
NREM Stage 3
~1 Hz Large amplitude, very slow Delta waves
Paradoxical sleep
REM sleep
sleep stage cycle
Lsat about 90 to 110 minutes
NREM dreams
More about thoughts/thinking
REM dreams
vivid, highly visual, often build around stories where the dreamer is present
