Population Health, Public Health Core Functions, and Prevention Strategies

What is population health?

The health outcomes of a group of individuals and the distribution of those outcomes within the group.

What is the primary focus of population health?

Health protection, health promotion, and disease prevention.

What does a population-focused approach emphasize?

Prevention rather than treatment after disease develops.

What are health outcomes?

The measurable results of health conditions within a population.

What are health determinants?

Factors that influence health outcomes, such as environment, behavior, genetics, and access to care.

Why has population health become increasingly important in the United States?

Because of renewed interest in prevention, healthcare reform, and reducing premature deaths.

Which legislation helped increase focus on population health?

The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA).

How much premature death can early intervention potentially prevent?

Up to 70%.

What is the vision of public health?

Healthy people in healthy communities.

What is the mission of public health?

To promote physical and mental health and prevent disease, injury, and disability.

What are the three core functions of public health?

Assessment, Policy Development, and Assurance.

What is Assessment in public health?

The systematic collection and analysis of health information about a population.

What is Policy Development in public health?

Creating policies and plans that support health improvement.

What is Assurance in public health?

Ensuring that necessary health services are available and accessible.

Which public health core function involves collecting health statistics?

Assessment.

Which public health core function involves creating health regulations?

Policy Development.

Which public health core function ensures healthcare services are available?

Assurance.

What is the difference between population-focused care and individual-focused care?

Population-focused care targets groups and communities, while individual-focused care targets one patient.

Why is prevention considered more effective than treatment?

It can stop disease before complications occur.

What is primary prevention?

Actions taken to prevent disease before it occurs.

What is secondary prevention?

Early detection and treatment of disease.

What is tertiary prevention?

Actions taken to reduce complications of existing disease.

What is an example of primary prevention?

Immunizations.

What is an example of secondary prevention?

Mammograms.

What is an example of tertiary prevention?

Cardiac rehabilitation after a heart attack.

What is Healthy People?

A national initiative that establishes health promotion and disease prevention goals.

Who publishes Healthy People?

The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.

When was Healthy People first published?

1979.

How often are Healthy People goals updated?

Every 10 years.

What is the main focus of Healthy People?

Health promotion and disease prevention.

What is the first Healthy People 2030 goal?

Attain healthy thriving lives free from preventable disease, disability, injury, and premature death.

What is the second Healthy People 2030 goal?

Eliminate health disparities and achieve health equity.

What is health equity?

The attainment of the highest level of health for all people.

What is health literacy?

The ability to obtain, understand, and use health information.

What is another Healthy People 2030 goal?

Create social, physical, and economic environments that promote health.

Why are Healthy People goals important for nurses?

They guide national healthcare priorities and prevention efforts.

How is health defined?

A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease.

Why is the nursing definition of health broader than disease prevention?

It includes physical, emotional, mental, social, and spiritual well-being.

What is wellness?

An active process of achieving the highest possible level of health.

Can a person have a chronic illness and still experience wellness?

Yes.

What is illness behavior?

The way a person monitors, interprets, and responds to symptoms.

Why is understanding illness behavior important?

It helps nurses individualize care.

What is the Health Belief Model?

A model that explains health behaviors based on personal beliefs.

What determines health behavior according to the Health Belief Model?

A person's beliefs about disease and prevention.

What is perceived susceptibility?

A person's belief about the likelihood of getting a disease.

What is perceived severity?

A person's belief about the seriousness of a disease.

What is perceived benefit?

A person's belief that a health action will reduce risk.

What is perceived barrier?

A person's belief about obstacles preventing action.

How does perceived susceptibility affect behavior?

Higher perceived risk often increases preventive behaviors.

How does perceived severity affect behavior?

People are more likely to act if consequences are viewed as serious.

What happens if perceived barriers outweigh benefits?

The person is less likely to change behavior.

A patient says "Cancer runs in my family but I won't get it." Which Health Belief Model concept is involved?

Low perceived susceptibility.

A patient knows smoking causes lung cancer but continues smoking because quitting is difficult. Which concept is involved?

Perceived barriers.

What is the Health Promotion Model?

A model viewing health as a positive dynamic process.

What are the major components of the Health Promotion Model?

Individual characteristics, behavior-specific knowledge, and behavioral outcomes.

What is the focus of the Health Promotion Model?

Promoting well-being rather than preventing disease.

How does previous experience affect future health behaviors?

Past experiences influence future choices and actions.

What is a behavioral outcome?

The resulting health-promoting action.

What is a risk factor?

Any variable that increases vulnerability to disease or injury.

Do risk factors directly cause disease?

No, they increase the likelihood of disease.

What is a nonmodifiable risk factor?

A risk factor that cannot be changed.

What are examples of nonmodifiable risk factors?

Age, sex, genetics, family history.

What is a modifiable risk factor?

A risk factor that can be changed.

What are examples of modifiable risk factors?

Diet, sleep, exercise, alcohol use.

Why are nurses concerned with risk factors?

Because identifying risk factors allows prevention and intervention.

What is the nurse's role regarding risk factors?

Identify, educate, intervene, and evaluate.

Why is changing health behavior difficult?

Long-standing habits are often deeply ingrained.

What does ADPIE stand for?

Assess, Diagnose, Plan, Implement, Evaluate.

What occurs during assessment?

Collection of subjective and objective data.

What occurs during diagnosis?

Identification of nursing problems.

What occurs during planning?

Creation of goals and interventions.

What occurs during implementation?

Carrying out nursing interventions.

What occurs during evaluation?

Determining if goals were achieved.

What is subjective data?

Information reported by the patient.

What is objective data?

Measurable and observable information.

Which is subjective: pain or temperature?

Pain.

Which is objective: pain or temperature?

Temperature.

What is the first step of clinical judgment?

Recognize cues.

What question is asked during cue recognition?

What matters most?

What is the second step of clinical judgment?

Analyze cues.

What question is asked during cue analysis?

What could it mean?

What is the third step of clinical judgment?

Prioritize hypotheses.

What question is asked during prioritization?

Where do I start?

What is the fourth step of clinical judgment?

Generate solutions.

What question is asked during generating solutions?

What can I do?

What is the fifth step of clinical judgment?

Take action.

What question is asked during taking action?

What will I do?

What is the sixth step of clinical judgment?

Evaluate outcomes.

What question is asked during evaluation?

Did it help?

What is a nursing diagnosis?

A clinical judgment about a patient's response to health problems.

What organization develops nursing diagnoses?

NANDA.

What does NANDA stand for?

North American Nursing Diagnosis Association.

Give an example of a NANDA diagnosis.

Impaired Breathing Pattern.

What characteristics must a goal have?

Realistic, specific, measurable, and time-framed.

What does SMART stand for?

Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, Time-bound.

What is a short-term goal?

A goal expected to be achieved within days.

What is a long-term goal?

A goal expected to be achieved within weeks or months.

Why should goals be patient-centered?

To promote participation and adherence.

What is Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs?

A framework used to prioritize human needs.

Which needs are highest priority?

Physiological needs.