Foundational Documents to Know for AP Gov (copy)

Foundational Documents

Core texts that influenced U.S. political ideas and explain specific constitutional structures.

Federalist No. 10

Written by Madison, argues that a large republic can better control factions.

Declaration of Independence

Justifies independence from Britain; emphasizes natural rights and consent of the governed.

Federalist No. 51

Written by Madison, defends the separation of powers and checks and balances.

Articles of Confederation

First U.S. government framework, weak national government with no taxing power.

Federalist No. 70

Written by Hamilton, argues for a strong and energetic executive.

Bill of Rights

Protects individual liberties and limits federal government power.

Brutus No. 1

Anti-Federalist paper warning against the expansion of national power.

Checks and Balances

System that allows each branch of government to limit the powers of the others.

Separation of Powers

Distribution of authority among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches.

Federalism

Shared power between national and state governments.

Natural Rights

Rights inherent to individuals, including life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.

Judicial Independence

Judiciary's ability to operate free of political pressure or influence.

Majority Tyranny

The risk that a majority will infringe upon the rights of the minority.

Unalienable Rights

Rights that cannot be taken away, as emphasized in the Declaration.

Republicanism

A form of government in which representatives are elected by the people.

Ambition Counteracts Ambition

Phrase from Federalist 51 illustrating the need for checks between branches.

Necessary and Proper Clause

Gives Congress the power to pass all laws necessary to carry out its duties.

Supremacy Clause

Establishes that federal law takes precedence over state laws.