MagBio Unit 4 Vocab - F23

Point Mutation

mutation that affects only one base
often called a gene mutation, because only one gene is affected

Gene Mutation

a point mutation in one gene

Chromosomal Mutation

a mutation that affects an entire section of a chromosome
several genes are affected

Mutagenic Factors

a factor that causes mutation
chemicals (mutagens & carcinogens), radiation (UV radiation, Gamma rays, X-rays)
*alcohol does not cause mutation!

Frameshift Mutation

a mutation that causes a change in all the codons following it, thereby changing several amino acids in the protein

Point Mutation
Deletion

a mutation that deletes only 1 base

Point Mutation
Insertion

a mutation that adds only 1 base

Point Mutation
Substitution

a mutation that replaces only 1 base for another base

Chromosomal Mutation
Deletion

when a section of a chromosome is deleted

Chromosomal Mutation
Duplication

when a section of a chromosome is copied

Chromosomal Mutation
Inversion

when a section of a chromosome is inverted or flipped

Chromosomal Mutation
Translocation

when a section or sections of a chromosome(s) is deleted and glued onto another chromosome

deletion & insertion

Which point mutation(s) cause a frameshift?

Nondisjunction

Occurs when chromosomes fail to separate during anaphase of meiosis. Results in extra or missing chromosome.

DNA Replication

During what process can a permanent mutation occur?

a change in an organisms DNA

What is a mutation?

deletion, insertion, substitution

What are the 3 types of point mutations?

substitution

If the original DNA code is changed from GACAGT to GAGAGT, what type of mutation occurred?

deletion

If the original DNA code is changed from GACAGT to GAAGT, what type of mutation occurred?

insertion

If the original DNA code is changed from GACAGT to GACCAGT, what type of mutation occurred?

deletion

Which would have a the greatest or largest effect?
A deletion or substitution

beginning

Which would have a the greatest or largest effect?
A deletion in the beginning of a gene or at the end of a gene

substitution

Which would have a the smallest or least effect?
A insertion or a substitution

end

Which would have a the smallest or least effect?
An insertion at the beginning or at the end of a gene

An insertion of 3 bases

Which would have a the smallest or least effect?
An insertion of 1 bases or 3 bases

insertion of 1 base

Which would have a the greatest or largest effect?
An insertion of 1 bases or 3 bases

No

If a sequence was changed from
THECATATETHEBIGRAT to
THECATARETHEBIGRAT
Did a frameshift occur?

substitution

If a sequence was changed from
THECATATETHEBIGRAT to
THECATARETHEBIGRAT
What type of mutation occurred?

Yes

If a sequence was changed from
THECATATETHEBIGRAT to
THHECATATETHEBIGRAT
Did a frameshift occur?

Insertion

If a sequence was changed from
THECATATETHEBIGRAT to
THHECATATETHEBIGRAT
What type of mutation occurred?

DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid
The molecule that contains the genetic material

Double helix

A twisted ladder shape
Shape of DNA

DNA polymerase

Enzyme that makes DNA in DNA replication

Semiconservative replication

The process of replication where 2 new sets of DNA are made each containing one new strand of DNA and one old strand

Codon

3 nucleotide bases in mRNA that correspond to an amino acid

RNA

Ribonucleic Acid

mRNA

Messenger RNA
An RNA copy of the DNA that can leave the nucleus, so that the ribosome can bind and make protein

rRNA

Ribosomal RNA
Part of the ribosome structure

tRNA

Transfer RNA
Transports amino acids to the ribosome to make the protein

Transcription

Process of making mRNA from DNA; occurs in the nucleus

Translation

Process of making Protein (polypeptide chain) from mRNA; occurs at the ribosome

Mutagen

Something that causes a mutation. Examples: exposure to chemicals, UV radiation, and vaping/juuling

Mutation

change in a DNA sequence that affects genetic information

Cloning

Process of creating genetically identical organisms (i.e. bacteria, Dolly)

Gel Electrophoresis

Process used to separate small molecules like DNA

Genetic Engineering

Technology used to manipulate an organism's DNA by inserting DNA from another organism

transgenic organism

An organism that is genetically engineered by inserting a gene from another organism

Restriction enzyme

An enzyme that cuts DNA at a specific nucleotide sequence

Recombinant DNA

Newly generated DNA that contains sequences and genes of the scientist's choice

PCR

Polymerase Chain Reaction
"Gene photocopying"

Makes copies of a section of DNA

gene therapy

The insertion of working copies of a gene into the cells of a person with a genetic disorder in an attempt to correct the disorder

restriction enzymes

Enzyme that cuts DNA at a specific sequence of nucleotides

DNA fingerprint

Image showing bands of unique sequence of DNA base pairs that can be used to identify a person at the molecular level

gel electrophoresis

Procedure used to separate and analyze DNA fragments by placing a mixture of DNA fragments at one end of a porous gel and applying an electrical voltage to the gel

Nucleotide

monomer of nucleic acids made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base

Hydrogen bonds in DNA

Bonds that form between the nitrogenous bases that form the "rungs" of the DNA ladder

Peptide bonds

link together amino acids in a polypeptide chain (newly made protein); made in translation

phosphodiester bond

the type of bond that links the nucleotides in DNA or RNA. joins the phosphate group of one nucleotide to the hydroxyl group on the sugar of another nucleotide

primary structure of protein

sequence of amino acids

secondary structure of protein

protein structure is formed by folding and twisting of amino acid chain

tertiary structure of protein

protein structure is formed when the twists and folds of the secondary structure fold again to from a larger 3D structure

quaternary structure of a protein

A number of polypeptide chains linked together to form a functioning protein.

replication fork

A Y-shaped region on a replicating DNA molecule where new strands are growing.

Okazaki fragments

Small fragments of DNA produced on the lagging strand during DNA replication, joined later by DNA ligase to form a complete strand.

Helicase

An enzyme that untwists the double helix of DNA at the replication forks.

Topoisomerase

Enzyme that functions in DNA replication, helping to relieve strain in the double helix ahead of the replication fork.

DNA ligase

enzyme that chemically links DNA fragments together (the glue!)

leading strand

The new continuous complementary DNA strand synthesized along the template strand in the mandatory 5' to 3' direction.

lagging strand

A discontinuously synthesized DNA strand that elongates by means of Okazaki fragments, each synthesized in a 5' to 3' direction away from the replication fork.

Adenine

"A" nucleotide; purine; found in both DNA and RNA

Thymine

"T" nucleotide; pyrimidine; found in DNA only

Guanine

"G" nucleotide; purine; found in both DNA and RNA

Uracil

"U" nucleotide; pyrimidine; found only in RNA

Cytosine

"C" nucleotide; pyrimidine; found in both DNA and RNA

Introns

Noncoding segments of nucleic acid that lie between coding sequences.

Exons

expressed sequence of DNA; codes for a protein