Thought, Language, and Intelligence

Flashcards covering the key concepts of thought, language, and intelligence based on the lecture notes.

What are the three basic elements of a concept?

1. Defining attributes (distinctive features), 2. Prototypes (best representatives of the category), 3. Exemplars (actual memories of the concept).

What is a phoneme?

The smallest unit of sound affecting speech.

What are morphemes?

The smallest units of language that have meaning, such as prefixes, suffixes, and root words.

What is syntax in language?

The grammatical rules used to combine words into phrases and sentences.

What are pragmatics in language?

The social conventions of language, including how language is used in social settings.

What stages are involved in language development during the first year?

1. Crying (birth-2 months), 2. Cooing (2 months), 3. Babbling (6 months).

What is the definition of intelligence?

The capacity to acquire knowledge, abstract thinking and reasoning abilities, and problem-solving abilities that are adaptive for survival.

What is Charles Spearman's theory of intelligence?

It suggests general cognitive abilities (g factor), indicating that people who do well on one test tend to do well on others.

What are the two types of intelligence according to Cattell’s theory?

1. Fluid intelligence (innate reasoning abilities), 2. Crystallized intelligence (learned abilities influenced by experience and environment).

How is IQ calculated according to Terman's method?

IQ = (Mental Age / Chronological Age) x 100.

What does a standard IQ score represent?

A mean of 100, with a standard deviation typically of 15 or 16.

What are the two types of IQ tests?

1. Individual IQ tests (one examiner to one examinee), 2. Group IQ tests (many examinees, paper, and pencil).

What are the two most widely used individual IQ tests?

1. Stanford-Binet, 2. Wechsler's Tests.

What is the significance of the Stanford-Binet test?

It was the gold standard for measuring intelligence in the 1920s and included mostly verbal items.

What did David Wechsler contribute to intelligence testing?

He created tests that measured both verbal and nonverbal abilities, challenging the Stanford-Binet's focus on verbal skills.

What are the names of Wechsler's intelligence tests?

WPPSI (for ages 3-7), WISC (for ages 6-17), WAIS (for ages 16 to late adulthood).