NCSU ANS 150 Final Exam

importance of animals (to humans)

nourishment, companionship, human health, and income

developed country

they are meeting the daily nutritional requirements for both calories and protein

developing country

they are only meeting one of the daily nutritional requirements (calories or protein)

underdeveloped countries

they are not meeting either of the daily nutritional requirements (calories or protein) and are therefore malnourished

food desert

a person's access to unprocessed food. people are described as living in one of these if they live more than a mile away from a grocery store/supermarket and do not have access to a car/transportation

companionship

approximately 62% of family units in the US have at least one "pet"; pets were once considered "property" by owners, but now they are viewed as companions.

homeopathy

natural or alternative treatment of medical problems. animals can be used to aid in rehabilitation and therapy of people.

retrospective data

data based upon people's reports of past experiences and events; NEVER establishes cause and effect

prospective data

information collected by following the participant's behavior or reaction forward in time; determines cause and effect

gross income generated

the selling of animals or animal products (measurable)

economic impact factor

estimates economic value of businesses that are needed to support production; i.e. veterinarians, feed manufacturers

total economic contributions

(gross income) + (gross income x economic impact factors) =

US

leader in animal science

importance of animal behavior

provides important signals/cues related to animal well-being, biological changes, and management conditions

behavioral mechanism

how an animal knows or learns to perform a specific behavior

biological need

what the animal gains from the behavior

instinct

(mechanism) behaviors that are inherently present at birth; the animal does not have to learn them; usually controlled by biological changes within the animal

imprinting

(mechanism) poorly understood mechanism by which young animals bond to their caretakers - usually their mother

habituation

(mechanism) lack of a response to a repeated stimulus; learned behavior; NOT a habit

conditioning

(mechanism) association between a behavioral response and a given stimulus; given stimulus can be positive (reward) or negative (punishment); there is a third party

trial and error

(mechanism) trying various responses to a stimulus until a reward is received; animal initiates responses or trials

reasoning

(mechanism) ability to respond correctly to a stimulus the first time it is applied; not common

sexual behaviors

(need) propagation of species; broadcast sexual receptivity; preparation for birth and lactation; pheromones

pheromones

chemicals that both males and females omit to notify the other when there is a female/male around

care-giving behaviors

(need) originate from mother and father; protection, nourishment, and "training" young

care-soliciting behaviors

originate from young mostly; can originate from injured or disabled mature animals; used by young to signify they need assistance

agonistic/social behaviors

behaviors associated with "fight or flight" syndrome or behaviors associated with established social hierarchy within a group of animals; any type of social behavior that is not sexual

feeding behaviors

behaviors associated with obtaining food; mostly associated with animals that require predation or foraging in order to meet nutrient needs; for animals that graze or hunt in packs (feeding naturally)

ways to determine animal intelligence

anatomical approach, vocalizations, comparison of learning rates

anatomical approach

correlation between brain size and intelligence; correlation between intelligence and brain weight to body weight ratio

vocalizations

number and type of vocalizations correlated with animal's intelligence; more vocalizations = smarter; complex vocalizations = smarter

simple vocalizations

one sound (similar to a word)

complex vocalizations

putting multiple sounds together and changing amplification (similar to putting multiple words together to form a sentence)

learning rates

compare --- of species exposed to the same task or test; the test is referred to as Maze Learning

acquisition

you are taught to do something

extinction

you are not asked to do it for a period of time

recovery

test period

behavioral science

attempts to classify how animals respond to various situations; tries to establish or link behaviors with animal well-being

anthropomorphism

giving animal behaviors human-like qualities; a way that humans are biased when determining animal intelligence

monogastrics

stomach has one compartment; humans, pigs, rabbits, horses, birds, etc.

ruminant

stomach has four compartments; cattle, sheep, goats, deer, etc.

carnivore

primarily consumes meat (flesh)

omnivore

normally consumes both meat and plants

herbivore

primarily consumes plants

cereals (kernels)

usually the seed portion of plants (seed portion = grains); corn, oats, wheat, barley, etc.; usually high energy (due to oil content in the grain) with low fiber and no cellulose

roughages or forages

usually the leaves and/or stems of the plant; grass in pastures, hays, silages, many by-products of the milling process; usually low energy/high fiber and contain cellulose and/or lignin

digestion

the process by which feed particles are reduced to molecules so they can enter the body

mechanical action

chewing and gut motility

chemical action

acidic breakdown of food

enzymatic action

biological cleavage of food

absorption

the processes by which molecules are transported from the digestive tract, through intestinal cells; and enter the vascular or lymphatic system

passive diffusion

molecules enter the body without expenditure of energy/goes with the concentration gradient (high to low concentration)

active transport

molecules are transported into body against the concentration gradient which requires energy/concentration is higher in vascular/lymphatic system so it spends energy trying to enter body against the concentration gradient

mouth

mechanical reduction of feed/particle size by chewing; saliva of some species contain amylase (which breaks down starch to simple sugars)

esophagus

transports food from mouth to stomach via peristalsis

peristalsis

wave-like muscle contractions that move food along the digestive tract

stomach

HCl secretion assists with protein breakdown (chemical); gastrin and pepsin are two enzymes that breaks proteins into polypeptides (enzymatic); mechanical activity and anatomical folds help increase surface area of chyme (mechanical)

chyme

mixture of partially digested food with secretions of the stomach; increased surface area of chyme facilitates enzyme action and digestion

small intestines

major site of enzymatic digestion in monogastric animals that are not herbivores; most efficient site of ABSORPTION of nutrients in all animals

cecum

blind pouch between junction of small and large intestines; in monogastrics, it contains microbes and protozoa which break down complex sugars and cellulose (digests forages - leafy portion of plants and grasses)

large intestine

major site of water reabsorption; little digestion and nutrient absorption; "concentrates" undigested feed

rectum and anal sphincter

thick muscular tube (rectumZ); excretion of solid undigested feed

ruminant stomach

4 parts: rumen, reticulum, omasum, abomasum

reticulum

assists with fermentation; contracts to push food back up esophagus to mouth (chewing cud); one unique characteristics is that its inner lining has a "honeycomb" pattern

rumen

contains microbes that digest feed enzymatically and convert it into the products they need

omasum

has many folds (plies) that assist with mechanical digestion

abomasum

same functions as stomach in non-ruminants

poultry and other fowl

very unique modifications of digestive tract; no teeth, thus feed must be finely ground or birds will reduce particle size by pecking with their beaks or scratching with their feet

crop

modification of the esophagus where feed can be stored and limited enzymatic digestion by microbes takes place

proventriculus

HCl and gastric enzymes digest feed but there is limited mixing due to gastric movements

gizzard

reduces the particle size of the feed

cloaca

common exit of the urinary, digestive, and reproductive systems

monogastric herbivores

digestive tract and functions identical to other monogastrics;

cecum is usually much larger and more active than those found in carnivores and omnivores; cecum contains same micro-organisms as found in rumen

practical aspects of nutrition

nutrient requirements, diet content, and nutrient intake (feeding levels)

History of Dogs

• Bones of wolves and humans were found together in North China (300,000 years old) and in Kent, England (400,000 years old)

• Domesticated about 12,000 years

ago (~10,000 B.C.) near Germany

• Wolves or Jackals were "precursors" to the modern dogs

• Domesticated for companionship •Distinctive breeds of dogs probably

were not present until 3,000 to 4,000

years ago

• By the Roman Empire, it is believed

that most of the main breeds of dogs

were intact and well defined

Dog Terminology

• Bitch - female

• Stud - intact male

• Puppy - young dog of either sex

• Whelping - parturition (birth process)

• Spaying - ovariohysterectomy

Estrus & Estrous Cycle Dogs

• Duration of estrus

average - 9 days

range - 3 to 21 days

• Estrous cycle length

average - 183 days, but

extremely variable

• Influenced by breed

Breeding For Dogs

• Stud has an os penis

• Os penis is a small bone is the bulbus

glandis (head of penis)

• Because of the os penis, penetration

is achieved without erection

• Once the penis is inside of the vagina, erection occurs which results in the "tie"

• The tie occurs when the portion of the penis with the os penis engourges with blood and swells to a size so large that it is firmly locked within the vagina

Canine Breeding Myths

• The tie is not essential for pregnancy.

• Ties break spontaneously.

• Throwing water on either dog doesn't really help.

Abnormalities Dogs

• Pseudopregnancy (False Pregnancy)

• It has been estimated that 50 to 75%

of intact bitches will show signs of

pseudopregnancy at some point in

their life.

• It is believed that pseudopregnancy is a "normal abnormality" left over from canine ancestors.

• In wild herds of canines,

pseudopregnant bitches nurse

puppies from the alpha female or

from bitches that died during whelping

History of Cats

• Pre-historic ancestors of cats were

the saber-tooth tigers.

• 35 million years ago Saber-tooths

were widespread in Europe, Asia,

Africa and North America.

• Oldest fossils that show similarities

to today's modern small cats are 12

million years old.

• Domestication of cats probably

started in ancient Egypt 6000 years

ago (~ 4000 B.C.) for religious

reasons and companionship.

History of Cats pt 2

• African bush cat probably was the

wild ancestor of modern cats

• Around the middle of the 19th

century (mid 1800's), the concept

of breeds was born and owners

began to keep ancestry records

(pedigrees).

Cat Terminology

• Kittens - young cats or either sex

• Queen - female cat

• Tom - male cat

• Queening - birth process

• Calling - sound queen makes that

is associated with mating

Estrous Cycles Cats

• Cats are induced ovulators.

• They will not ovulate during estrus

unless they are bred by a tom.

• Estrous cycles of unmated queens

are 13 to 15 days on the average,

but can range from 10 to 22 days.

Breeding for Cats

• Tom has spurs on his penis

• The spurs help stimulate the vagina

and cervix during mating which is

critical for induced ovulators.

Induced Ovulators

• Most have nerves that run directly form the vagina and cervix to the brain.

• Once the vagina and/or cervix is

stimulated, then nerves send signals to the brain that result in the release of LH

• Ovulation in most can be induced at

any time.

• However, they do have periods in

which mating will likely not result in a

pregnancy and periods in which it will.

Auditions - Dogs

Bark

• Territorial call for most dogs

• Dogs will alter tone and amplitude

of bark to mean different things

- a trait that has been selected for by humans during domestication

Whine

• Care-soliciting (signifies pain, fright, or mild frustration)

Growl

• Aggressive or distance-increasing call of dogs

Howling

• Has not been deciphered well

• It probably is how dogs really

communicate verbally with each other

Postures - Dogs

• Dogs use tail, face, ears, mouth and hair to convey moods and emotions

• They also use the position of their body (standing or lying)

Neutral

- tail down

- ears down

- standing upright

Aroused / Interested

- tail up

- ears up

- standing upright on toes or with a front leg raised

Play Soliciting

- tail up and wagging slightly

- ears erect

- standing upright and moving or gesturing slightly with front paws

Active Greeting

- tail wagging over a wide range

- ears erect

- more exaggerated motion with front paws

Aggression

- tail up

- ears erect

- weight on front feet

- exposed teeth

Fear

- tail tucked

- ears back and down

- weight on rear feet

- exposed teeth

Submissive

- tail tucked

- ears back and turned down

- crouching on all four legs or rolled over to expose belly

Auditions - Cats

• Cats have a large vocabulary of

"pure sounds"

• These can be combined into a

large variety of "complex" calls

Pure Sounds

Murmur - soft noise when exhaling;

requesting or greeting

Purr - soft, buzzlike sound; most

commonly used in social situations

Growl - harsh, low-pitched; agonistic

encounters

Squeak - high pitched raspy sound;

playing, greeting, anticipation of

pleasant stimuli

Shriek - loud, harsh high pitched

sound; pain or aggressive situations

Hiss - agonistic sound produced when mouth is open and teeth are exposed; most often associated with defensive aggression

Spit - short, sound after or before a

hiss; agonistic situations

Complex Calls

Mew - high pitched, medium amplitude sound that sounds like a “long e”; mother/kitten interactions

Moan - low frequency and long

duration sound that sounds like an “o”

or “u”; begging to be released or is

used when the cat wants to do

something, but is being restrained.

Meow - characteristic feline sound;

usually used as a greeting

Postures Cats

• Cats use tail, face, ears, mouth and

hair to convey moods and emotions,

but have more variations than dog

• Instead of lying positions (that dogs

use), they use crouching positions

In general

• tail is high when greeting or investigating

• tail is low and the tip is wagging

when hunting

• walking on tiptoes;

• head lowered;

• back arched;

• hair raised; and

• mouth open with teeth exposed

are usually signs of aggression

Facial Expressions Cats

Size of pupils also convey

information about a cats emotions

- small pupils (constricted)

signify aggression

- large pupils (dilated) signify that

the cat is becoming more

defensive (threatened)

Destructiveness - Dogs

Destructiveness in Dogs appears

to be increasing and may be

related to:

• increased number of young

owners; and

• decreased contact during the day

between dogs and owners.

Contributing Factors

• Breed

• Boredom

• Separation Anxiety

• Barrier Frustration

Destructiveness in Cats

Occurs at a much lower frequency

than in dogs and seems to be in

one of the following areas:

clawing

• Usually related to territorial

aggression

• Can be stimulated by the presence

of novel cats, novel pets, and novel

people

wool sucking (Long-haired cats)

• Poorly understood phenomenon,

but some people think that it may

be related to being weaned too

early

• Fasting seems to increase the

behavior and the presence of food

(dry bones, etc.) seems to

decrease the behavior

plant eating

• This is really poorly understood

• Most of the time the best solution is

to try and get the cat to eat plants

that aren’t toxic to it

Rabbits History

• Originally classified as Rodents (order = Rodentia)

• Presently, they are placed in their own order called Lagomorpha

• Rabbits have 4 upper incisor teeth (one pair is stacked behind the second), whereas rodents only have 2 upper incisor teeth.

• Fossil remains of rabbit-like animals

date back 30 to 37 million years.

• Fossils are very similar to skeletons of modern day wild rabbits and hares.

Rabbit History pt 2

• First recorded reports of rabbits were made

by Phoenician traders that visited Spain

around 1100 B.C. (~3000 years ago)

• Phoenicians probably were responsible for

transporting rabbits to most part of the world.

• Domestication of rabbits is credited to French Monks during the Middle Ages.

• The latter portion of the 19th century

was when rabbits were introduced into Australia and New Zealand.

Classifications of Breeds

• About 45 different breeds recognized by rabbit breeders.

• These are divided into 5 classifications based on size or weight.

• Dwarf (Miniature), Small, Medium,

Large, and Giant

Rabbit Terminology

• Buck - adult male

• Does - adult female

• Young - kits or bunnies

• Kindling - birth process in rabbits

• Neutering is recommended for all

females kept as pets due to high

incidence of uterine cancer.

Rabbit Lifestyle

• Lifespan - 5 to 12 years

• Puberty - 5 to 8 months

• Induced ovulators with no consistent

estrous cycle

• Gestation - 30 to 34 days