Neuron Doctrine and Protypical Neuron

what was formaldehyde used for?

firm up the brains tissue in order to dissect

what is histology?

study of the tissue through a microscope

how does the nissel stain work?

stains the nuclei of cells so they can be seen through a microscope

what’s the golgi stain?

silver chromate solution that the brain would be dipped in, neurons would show up darkly colored

what two main parts of the neuron did the golgi stain reveal?

the soma and neurites

what did canal do with golgi’s stain?

used it to its greatest potential and found out about the synapse. he argued that the neurites were not literally connected by they communicated by contact (neuron doctrine)

cytosol

watery fluid inside soma

cytoplasm

the area in which membrane closed structures (organelles) are present, not including the nucleus

genes

DNA segments

protein synthesis

assembly of protein molecules in the cytoplasm

what carries genetic messages to the site of protein synthesis?

mRNA

transcription

process of assembling mRNA

promoter

end of the gene, where RNA polymerase binds to start transcription

what do transcription factors do?

regulate the tight binding between polymerase and the promoter

terminator

other end of gene, polymerase recognizes this region as the end point of transcription

introns

chains of DNA that cannot be used for coding proteins

exons

the coding sequence

what occurs in initial transcription?

RNA splicing introns are removed and exons are fused together

how is a protein molecule assembled?

with amino acid chains, similar to how mRNA is assembled

how many types of amino acids are there?

20 types

translation

assembling of proteins under mRNA

what is the genome?

entire length of DNA that comprises the genetic information in our chromosomes

what are genetic mishaps called?

gene copy number variations

when do genetic mishaps happen?

when the mother and father’s DNA mix

mutations can be…

proteins that are abnormal or missing entirely

single nucleotide polymorphisms

minor, harmless mutations that everyone has (colour vs. color)

genetic engineering

a way to change organisms with gene mutations and insertions