BIO 3350 - UNIT 1

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44 Terms

1

negative feedback loop

returning system to a steady stable point

ex: glucose, insulin, stress response (cortisol)

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2

positive feedback loop

reinforced deviations from stable points

ex: thermals, childbirth(increased uterine strength)

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3

homeotherm

body temp is constant

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4

poikilotherms

temperature changes with the outer/environment temperature

  • temperature conformity: only surviving in narrow environment ranges

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5

endotherm

internal temperature generation

(rate increase, temperature decrease)

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6

ectotherm

external generation of temperature

(rate increase, temperature increase)

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7

acute physiological changes

immediate change in response to environmental stimuli

ex: shivering from the cold

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8

chronic physiological changes

accumulation change, reversible without stimuli

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9

periodic physiological changes

changes in physiology of individual animals

ex: immune system, inflammation

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10

plasma cell membrane

  • regulate movement

  • sense & respond to environment

  • compartmentalize with selective permeability

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11

plasma membrane structure

  • phospholipid bilayer

    • hydrophobic(non-polar) heads & hydrophilic (polar) tails

  • fluidity determined by saturation of hydrocarbons and phospholipid tails

  • fluid mosaic model: integral and peripheral proteins

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12

epithelia

sheets of cells covering body surface, organ, or cavity

microvilli projections to increase surface area

compartmentalizes different parts of the body & permeable to some molecules

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13

primary protein structure

string of amino acids with strong bonds

“backbone”

  • covalent bonds = shared

  • noncovalent = electrostatic of hydrogen bond

22 total encoding possibilities

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14

secondary protein

local folding patterns of an acid chain

  • hydrogen bonds of folding strings

  • helix of pleated sheets

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15

tertiary protein

total 3D protein structure including side chains off of an acidic backbone

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16

quaternary protein structure

not included in all proteins, but has interactions between multiple protein molecules

  • 2+ cell “subunits”

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17

ubiquitin-proteasome system

main destruction mechanism

  • ubiquitin tags protein

  • proteasome destroys

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18

proteostasis

regulation of balanced/functioning proteome

  • maintains equilibrium within cell bodies

  • composes proteins & destroys misfolded/damaged ones

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19

denaturation

3D structure warped by temperatures & toxins

sometimes irriversible

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20

molecular chaperones

repair damage to proteins

  • heat shock protiens (HSP’s) in tissues to respond to other cellular stressors

  • channels, transporters, enzymes, receptors, structural proteins

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21

enzymes

catalyze cellular reactions

  • regulates speed of rxn depending on tissue

  • binds to substrates and creates products

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22

receptors

bind to ligands

  • channel binds to receptors to open channels for ions through cell membranes

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23

genomics

the study of genomes of organisms

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24

genome

full set of genetic material

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25

genetics

study of dpecific genes

  • modify over evolutionary time by natural selection and sometimes randomly

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26

genotype

underlying genetic content

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27

phenotype

physically expressed genes

  • change by accumulation of base change and duplication of genes or genomes

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28

natural selection

observed by ratio of:

  • synonymous - changes in sequence production of the same amino acid

  • non-synonymous - change amino acid sequence

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29

gene expression

DNA→transcription→MRNA→translation→protein

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30

polymerase

enzyme→promotoer→enhancer→transcription factor→intracellular receptors

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31

promoter

regulatory region upstream transcription start

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32

enhancer

regulatory region affecting gene transcriptiont

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33

trnscription factor

proteins bind to regulatory regionof DNA to influence transcriptionintra

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34

intracellular receptors

inside cells used to trigger transcription

  • ligand binds to receptor , entire complex is trnascibed for expression

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35

genome

full set of genetic material that does not change

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36

proteome

profile expressed proteins

  • different subset of genes ecpressed in different tissues

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37

phenotype plasticity

ability of an animal with given genome to express different phenotypes

ex:crayfish, spadfoot toads

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38

polyphenic development

genetically identical individuals taking 2+ body forms

aka “seasonal polyphenism”

  • determined by plasticity in an environment

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39

epigenetics

major in determining proximate mechanisms

  • modify DNA without altering genome sequence

  • DNA methylation

  • exist until rewritten by another stimuli

  • histone modification

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40

DNA methylation

methyl groups attach to DNA, influencing transcription

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41

predictive adaptive response

cues early life modifying the organisms phenotype adaptively for a specific environment

  • maternal physiology/behavior

    • directly related to maternal care

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42

exposure to toxins

early exposure influences disease later in life

  • epigenetics are potential mechanisms for this

ex: zebrafish

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43

transgenerational epigenetics

through maternal effects or cellularly during meiosis of sperm&eggs

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44

diffusion

movement of things towards equilibrium, from high to low concentrations

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