chem Unit-2

Matter

Anything that has mass and volume.

Volume

The space an object takes up.

Mass

The quantity of matter in an object.

Atoms

The tiny particles that make up matter.

Substance

Matter that has a definite and uniform composition, also called a chemical.

Macroscopic

A classification of matter that is visible to the naked eye.

Submicroscopic

Observing individual atoms.

Physical Properties

Properties that can be observed or measured without changing the composition of a substance.

Chemical Properties

The ability or inability of a substance to combine with others, requiring a change to observe.

Intensive Properties

Properties that are independent of the amount of substance, such as density and color.

Extensive Properties

Properties that depend on the amount of substance, such as mass and volume.

Solid

A state of matter with a definite shape and volume where particles vibrate in a fixed position.

Liquid

A state of matter that flows, has a constant volume, and takes the shape of its container.

Gas

A state of matter with no fixed shape or volume, consisting of particles that move rapidly and randomly.

Plasma

An ionized gas made up of charged particles.

Physical Change

A change that alters a substance without changing its composition.

Chemical Change

The process where one or more substances transform into a new substance.

Compound

Two or more elements chemically combined in a fixed ratio that can be broken down chemically.

Mixture

Two or more substances physically combined with variable ratios.

Homogeneous Mixture

A mixture with a uniform composition where different parts are not visible.

Heterogeneous Mixture

A mixture with uneven composition where separate parts are visible.

Conservation of Mass

The principle that the total mass before and after a chemical change remains the same.

Law of Definite Proportions

A compound will always contain the same elements in a fixed ratio by mass.

Law of Multiple Proportions

Two elements can form more than one compound, combining in simple whole-number ratios.

Filtration

A method for separating an insoluble solid from a liquid using filter paper.

Evaporation

A process for separating a soluble solid from a solution by removing the liquid.

Crystallisation

A process for obtaining pure crystals of a soluble solid from a solution.

Distillation

A method for separating a liquid from a solution or two liquids with different boiling points.

Fractional Distillation

A process used to separate multiple liquids with close boiling points using a fractionating column.

Chromatography

A method for separating dyes, inks, and pigments based on their travel speeds on paper.

Magnetic Separation

A process for separating magnetic materials from non-magnetic ones using a magnet.

Centrifugation

A method for separating substances of different densities using fast spinning.

Sieving

A method for separating large solids from smaller solids using a sieve.