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Persian Wars
Conflict between Persian Empire and Greek city-states.
Marathon
Battle where Persians were defeated by Athens.
Xerxes
Persian king who sought revenge against Greece.
Thermopylae
Battle where Greeks held off Persians despite being outnumbered.
Delian League
Alliance of Greek city-states led by Athens.
Pericles
Athenian leader who promoted democracy and culture.
Peloponnesian War
Conflict between Athens and Sparta from 431-404 B.C.
Sparta
City-state that led anti-Athens alliance during war.
Plague of Athens
Disease outbreak in 430 B.C. that killed 1/3 population.
Mercenaries
Hired soldiers, many joined Persian army post-war.
Macedonia
Kingdom that threatened Greece after Peloponnesian War.
Philip II
King of Macedonia who conquered Greece in 338 B.C.
Alexander the Great
Conqueror whose empire stretched from Egypt to Indus River.
Successor Kingdoms
Kingdoms formed after Alexander's empire fragmented.
Hellenistic Society
Cultural blend of Greek and Middle Eastern influences.
Septuagint
Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible by Jewish scholars.
Stoicism
Philosophy founded by Zeno emphasizing reason over emotion.
Menander
Famous playwright known for comedies about everyday life.
Etruscans
Early rulers of North Italy before Roman dominance.
Patricians
Wealthy class in Rome holding public office.
Plebeians
Common people in Rome with limited rights initially.
Tribunes
Plebeian representatives with veto power in Rome.
Paterfamilia
Male head of household in Roman society.
Roman Legions
Military units of 6,000 men used in expansion.
Punic Wars
Conflicts between Rome and Carthage from 264-146 B.C.
Hannibal
Carthaginian general known for invading Italy.
Marius
Roman general who created the first professional army.
Sulla
General who became dictator after defeating Marius.
Coloniae
Permanent military settlements established by Romans.
Alexandria
Major center of Hellenistic culture and learning.
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