Sciente TEAS

Chemistry:

study of composition and how they change

Matter:

anything that has mass and takes up space (volume)

Element:

a substance that cannot be decomposed into simpler substances by ordinary chemical processes, all matter is composed of elements

Atom:

smallest particle of an element

Periods in a periodic table of elements:

horizontal rows

Groups or families in a periodic table of elements:

vertical column

Where are the metals located in a periodic table of elements:

left side

Where are the nonmetals located in a periodic table of elements:

right side

Which of the subatomic particles are found inside of the nucleus of an atom?

protons and neutrons

Which subatomic particle orbits around the nucleus of an atom?

electrons

How is atomic mass calculated?

number of protons + number of neutrons

An atom has an atomic number of 17 and an atomic mass of 35. List out the number of protons, neutrons and electrons

17 protons, 18 neutrons, 17 electrons

Isotope:

two atoms have the same atomic number, but have a different number of neutrons, meaning different atomic mass

Metal or non-metal? Lithium

metal

Metal or non-metal? Beryllium

metal

Metal or non-metal? Magnesium

metal

Metal or non-metal? Potassium

metal

Metal or non-metal? Calcium

metal

Metal or non-metal? Sodium

metal

Metal or non-metal? Phosphorus

non-metal

Metal or non-metal? Sulfur

non-metal

Metal or non-metal? fluorine

non-metal

Metal or non-metal? Bromine

non-metal

Metal or non-metal? Iodine

non-metal

How does the atomic number of an element affect its position on the periodic table?

Elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic number, which defines the element's position

Which of the following parts of an atom gives the atom its reactivity?

electron

Which of the following correctly describes the relationship between shells and subshells?

Each shell can contain one or more subshells

Electronegativity:

measures how strongly an atom attracts electrons

Atomic radius:

measures from the center of the nucleus to the outermost electron shell

Ionization energy:

how much energy is required to remove an electron from an atom

Bond strength:

the strength with which a chemical bond holds two atoms together

Which of the following statements about ionic bonds is TRUE?

Electrons are lost or gained between atoms of two ionic bonds

What is the primary role of glucose in eukaryotic cells?

To serve as the main substrate for cellular respiration, producing ATP

Where is glycogen mainly stored in the body?

Liver and Skeletal Muscles

During an anabolic reaction, which of the following is true?

Two monomers are joined together and energy is required

Which of the following polysaccharides are found in plants?

Cellulose

During a catabolic reaction, which of the following is true?

Two monomers are separated and energy is released

Dehydration synthesis is an example of?

Anabolic Reaction

Hydrolysis is an example of?

Catabolic Reaction

Which of the statements about enzyme function is correct?

Enzymes reduce the amount of activation energy needed to begin a reaction and are specific to only one type of reaction

Which of the following is NOT true of substrates in enzymatic reactions?

Substrates are the products produced in an enzymatic reaction

What type of bond holds the two strands of DNA together?

Hydrogen bonds

What is the significance of the sequence of bases in a DNA molecule?

It determines the specific order of amino acids in a protein

Increased surface area for nutrient absorption in the small intestine is most contributed to:

Microvilli

Chromosome

long DNA molecule that contains all or part of an organism’s genetic information (genes)

Chromatin

DNA is wrapped around proteins calles histones to make it compact

Transcription

DNA to mRNA, info from a DNA molecule synthesizes a complementary messenger RNA (mRNA)

Translation

mRNA to a protein, info carried by messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to synthesize a protein

Mitosis

cell division in which a single eukaryotic cell divides into 2 identical daughter cells

Interphase

longest phase of the cell cycle, includes G1, S, G2

G1 phase

cell grows in size and carries out normal cellular functions

S phase

DNA replication occurs, centrioles and chromosomes replicate

G2 phase

period of further cell growth and preparation for division

Prophase

• chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes

• the nuclear envelope begins to break down

• spindle fibers start to form

• end of prophase, spindle fibers attach to the centromeres of each chromosome

Metaphase

chromosomes align at the cell's equator

Anaphase

• sister chromatids are pulled apart by spindle fibers.

• each chromatid moves toward opposite poles of the cell

Telophase

• chromosomes decondense back into chromatin.

• the nuclear envelope re-forms around each set of chromosomes, creating two nuclei.

• spindle fibers break down

Cytokinesis

division of the cytoplasm (occurs at the end of mitosis

What is the function of the centromere in a chromosome?

It attaches the chromosome to the spindle fibers during cell division.

Prokaryotes

No true nucleus, has a nucleoid, unicellular, classifications of bacteria and archaea, NO membrane-bound organelles

Eukaryotes

Has nucleus, unicellular or multicellular, has membrane-bound organelles

Cation

ion that has a positive charge, the atom has LOST electrons

Anion

ion that has a negative charge, the atom has GAINED electrons

Meiosis

cell division that reduces the chromosomes number by half, resulting in the formation of haploid daughter cells, it involves two rounds of division, it creates four unique daughter cells called haploid cells, special events like "crossing over" happen in Prophase I.

Strong acid or strong base? HCl

strong acid

Strong acid or strong base? HBr

strong acid

Strong acid or strong base? HNO3

strong acid

Strong acid or strong base? H2SO4

strong acid

Strong acid or strong base? HClO3

strong acid

Strong acid or strong base? HClO4

strong acid

Strong acid or strong base? LiOH

strong base

Strong acid or strong base? NaOH

strong base

Strong acid or strong base? KOH

strong base

Strong acid or strong base? RbOH

strong base

Strong acid or strong base? CsOH

strong base

Strong acid or strong base? Mg(OH)2

strong base

Strong acid or strong base? Ca(OH)2

strong base

Strong acid or strong base? Sr(OH)2

strong base

Strong acid or strong base? Ba(OH)2

strong base

Nucleus:

contains all genetic information (DNA)

Cytosol:

liquid portion of cell

Mitochondria:

organelles that make ATP energy

Ribosomes:

synthesize (makes) proteins

Rough endoplasmic reticulum:

covered in ribosomes, proteins made are surrounded by a membrane

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum:

synthesizes (makes) lipids and carbohydrates

Golgi apparatus:

packages proteins to ship out of cell

Lysosomes:

contains digestive enzymes to destroy old cell parts, pathogens, low pH

Peroxisomes:

contains enzymes to break down fatty acids and toxins

Nucleolus:

synthesizes (makes) ribosomes

Vacuole:

storage vesicle

Chloroplasts (plants):

perform photosynthesis

Diffusion (passive transport):

movement of a molecule from highly concentration to low concentration

Facilitated diffusion (passive transport):

diffusion across the membrane with a helper protein (large and charged can’t cross the membrane on their own)

Osmosis (passive transport):

diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane

True or false? Electron microscopes are the most powerful type of microscope

true

Law of segregation (Mendel’s law):

only one of the two copies of a gene (allele) can be passed down to a child

Law of independence assortment (Mendel’s law):

genes (alleles) for different traits are passed on independently

Natural selection:

often called "survival of the fittest," this is when helpful traits are passed to the next generation

Adaptation:

how a species changes over time to better survive in its environment

Mutations:

random changes in DNA that can lead to new traits