Chapter 4

compounds

a group of atoms combined together in a specific ratio

molecule

compounds in which the atoms are held together by shared electrons (covalent bonding)

valence electrons

which electrons of an atom are responsible for the chemical behavior of an element?

chemical formula

represents how many atoms of each element are present (subscript number notes how many atoms)

metallic

Elements are listed from most _____ to least _____ in a chemical formula for a compound

Hydrogen

What is the element that is typically the exception in terms of order of elements in chemical formulas?

Ionic compounds

Compounds composed of a metal and a nonmental

Cation

One or more electrons is transferred away from the metal in an ionic compound, making the metal a _____

anion

One or more electrons is given to the nonmetal in an ionic compound, making the nonmetal an ______

covalent compound

compound composed of two or more nonmetals; characterized by atoms sharing their electrons

covalent bond

bond in which electrons are shared

binary compound

compound that contains two different kinds of elements

Metal

In an ionic compound, which element is listed first? The metal or the nonmetal?

-ide

What is the suffix for the nonmetal in an ionic compound? (include the dash in your answer)

Main group element

An element found in groups 1, 2, and 13-18 (not a transition element, but a ____)

Charge

What additional aspect must be included when naming an ionic compound containing a transition metal? The ____ of the transition metal

polyatomic ion

a collection of covalently bonded atoms that have an overall ionic charge

Ammonium

Polyatomic ion name for: NH₄⁺

Acetate

Polyatomic ion name for: C₂H₃O₂^-

Cyanide

Polyatomic ion name for: CN^-

Thiocyanate

Polyatomic ion name for: SCN^-

Hydrogen Carbonate

Polyatomic ion name for: HCO₃

Carbonate

Polyatomic ion name for: CO₃^2-

Oxalate

Polyatomic ion name for: C₂O₄^2-

Hypochlorite

Polyatomic ion name for: ClO^-

Chlorite

Polyatomic ion name for: ClO₂^-

Perchlorate

Polyatomic ion name for: ClO₄^-

Dichromate

Polyatomic ion name for: Cr₂O₇^2-

Permanganate

Polyatomic ion name for: MnO₄^-

Nitrite

Polyatomic ion name for: NO₂^-

Nitrate

Polyatomic ion name for: NO₃^-

Hydroxide

Polyatomic ion name for: OH^-

Peroxide

Polyatomic ion name for: O₂^2-

Dihydrogen Phosphate

Polyatomic ion name for: H₂PO₄^-

Phosphate

Polyatomic ion name for: PO₄^3-

Hydrogen sulfite

Polyatomic ion name for: HSO₃^-

Sulfite

Polyatomic ion name for: SO₃^2-

Hydrogen Sulfate

Polyatomic ion name for: HSO₄^-

Sulfate

Polyatomic ion name for: SO₄^2-

Thiosulfate

Polyatomic ion name for: S₂O₃^2-

waters of hydration

water molecules that are bound in definite quantities within the crystalline structure of ionic compounds

anhydrous

the term given to an ionic compound that has had its waters of hydration removed

hydrate

What’s missing in this outline for a hydrated compound?

ionic compound prefix-____

-ate

suffix for a polyatomic ion with more oxygen atoms?

-ide

suffix for a polyatomic atom with less oxygen atoms?

True

True or false? When naming covalent compounds, both the first and second element get prefixes (unless there is only one of the first element)

-ide

What is the suffix added to the second element in a covalent compound? (include the dash)

binary acid

aqueous compounds made of a hydrogen and a nonmetal ion

hydro

What’s missing from this setup for naming a binary acid?

___-anion-ic acid

aqueous

what is the requirement for something to be considered an acid? (assume it has already been written with hydrogen in its name)

2

How many elements do binary acids contain?

oxyacid

a molecule in which hydrogen is bound to an oxygen-containing anion that dissociates when dissolved in water

one or more oxygens in the acid’s formula

-ous

What suffix replaces the -ite ending of a polyatomic when naming an oxyacid?

-ic

What suffix replaces the -ate ending of a polyatomic ion when naming an oxyacid?

organic compound

a compound that contains carbon and hydrogen

alkanes

the simplest category of organic compounds; contain only carbon and hydrogen

number of carbon atoms

what does the prefix indicate when naming an alkane? (___-ane)

meth

prefix for one carbon atom in a linear alkane

eth

prefix for two carbon atoms in a linear alkane

prop

prefix for three carbon atoms in a linear alkane

but

prefix for four carbon atoms in a linear alkane

pent

prefix for five carbon atoms in a linear alkane

hex

prefix for six carbon atoms in a linear alkane

hept

prefix for seven carbon atoms in a linear alkane

oct

prefix for eight carbon atoms in a linear alkane

non

prefix for nine carbon atoms in a linear alkane

dec

prefix for ten carbon atoms in a linear alkane

2C+2

What is the formula for determining the number of hydrogen atoms in a linear alkane based on its name? (or based on the number of carbon atoms)

octet rule

Rule stating that atoms will gain, lose, or share electrons in order to achieve a full valence shell

share

what do atoms typically do with electrons in covalent compounds?

Lewis dot notation

a method of drawing atoms with dots representing the valence electrons of the element

straight line

what are shared pairs of electrons denoted by in Lewis structures?

single bond

a bond consisting of a single bonding pair (2 electrons)

double bond

a bond consisting of two bonding pairs (4 electrons)

triple bond

a bond consisting of three bonding pairs (6 electrons)

electronegativity

the degree to which an atom pulls electron density toward itself in a covalent bond

Increase

Trend for electronegativity moving from left to right on periodic table?

decrease

Trend for electronegativity moving from top to bottom on periodic table?

partial negative

What charge builds up around the more electronegative atom in a bond?

partial positive

What charge builds up around the less electronegative atom in a bond?

polarized bond

Bonds with an unequal sharing of electrons are called this

dipole moment

the magnitude of the charge separation between electron-poor and electron-rich regions within a compound or an individual bond

distance between two charges

What do we multiply partial charge by to calculate the dipole moment?

electrostatic potential diagrams

colored contour maps used to represent electron density

non polar covalent bond

a bond that features the equal sharing of electrons (EN difference is between 0 and 0.5)

polar covalent bond

a bond that features the unequal sharing of electrons (EN difference is between 0.5 and 2)

ionic bond

bond that features no sharing of electrons (EN difference is greater than or equal to 2)

pure covalent bond

a bond where the difference in electronegativity values is exactly zero

bond order

the number of electron pairs shared between two atoms

central atom

which atom in a compound has the lowest electronegativity? (Excluding hydrogen)

row 3

Which row of elements and below are you allowed to exceed an octet of electrons in a Lewis structure?

radicals

The name for species with more than one unpaired electron

formal charge

the charge assigned to an atom in a molecule based on the number of bonding and nonbonding electrons

number of valence electrons - number of nonbonding electrons + 1/2(number of bonding electrons)

equation for calculating formal charge

resonance structure

Lewis drawings that differ only in the position of bonding and non-bonding electrons (not in the connectivity of the atoms).

delocalized

the phenomenon in which an electron pair is spread out over two or more covalent bonds

isomer

the name for compounds with the same molecular formula, but different structures

Minimized

What is the rule used to predict the most stable isomer of a molecule/polyatomic ion? Formal charges are _____

enthalpy charge

the amount of heat transferred between a system and its surroundings at a constant pressure

organic molecules

an important class of compounds based on a framework of carbon atoms that contain a limited number of other elements (mainly N, H, O, and halogens)