Critical Thinking Ch 7 - 10

These flashcards cover key concepts from Chapters 7 to 10 on evolution, life histories, reproductive strategies, and social behaviors.

The process of evolution depends on __.

genetic variation

Microevolution operates at the __ .

population level

Natural Selection is a mechanism of evolution that favors __ phenotypes.

certain

Genotype refers to the __ makeup of an organism.

genetic

The __ is the outward expression of an organism's genotype.

phenotype

Evolution through Natural Selection leads to __.

adaptations

Genetic drift results in the loss of genetic variation due to __ variation.

random variation

The __ effect is an example of genetic drift that occurs after a disaster.

bottleneck

Directional selection favors one __ trait.

extreme

In __ speciation, new species evolve through geographic isolation.

Allopatric

Sexual reproduction leads to __ offspring.

genetically different

The __ Hypothesis suggests coevolution selects for sexual reproduction.

Red Queen

Self-fertilization can lead to strong __ depression.

inbreeding

Environmental sex determination is a type of phenotypic __.

plasticity

Social interactions can be classified as or .

positive; negative

The coefficient of __ measures the probability that copies of a gene are shared by relatives.

relatedness

Eusociality involves overlapping generations and __ care.

brood

Evolution can occur through a number of mechanisms

1. natural selection

2. artificial selection

3. genetic drift

driven by human intervention

artificial selection

organisms that are more adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and pass on the genes aided their success

natural selection

any random chance to the allele frequency of a population due to chance event

genetic drift

has a greater impact on smaller populations

genetic drift

a new group with less genetic variety is more vulnerable to genetic drift, increasing the risk of genetic issues

example of genetic drift

the genetic makeup of an organism

genotype

characteristics/traits of an individual that can be observed/measured

phenotype

the process that occurs during meiosis where chromosomes will independently separate from each other

random assortment

random changes in DNA

mutations

disruptive selection because it promotes divergence within a population, increasing the likelihood of reproductive cooperation and the formation of new species

Which type of selection would most likely lead to speciation?

occurs when species separation into two separate groups that were isolated from another, a physical barrier like a mountain range that makes it impossible for them to breed with one another

allopatric speciation

the evolution of new species without a geographic isolation

sympatric speciation

when a population adapts to one set of environmental conditions its fitness (ability to survive and reproduce) decrease in other environments

trade-off

a polar bear tolerates the extreme cold and weather of the arctic, but would die of overheating in the tropics

example of trade-off

“slow” life history

K-strategy

low numbers of offspring, high parental investment traits that increase competitive ability

K-strategy

“fast” life history

R-strategy

shorter time to sexual maturity, little parental investment traits that increase population growth

R-strategy

within species

Intraspecific

the continued growth of an organism after reaching sexual maturity

Indeterminate growth

individuals do not grow anymore once reproduction begins(occurs in many species of birds & mammals)

survive after reaching growth

produces a genetically identical offspring

asexual reproduction

produces a genetically different offspring

sexual reproduction

male sperms fertilize females eggs to form a zygote these contains a combination of both parents chromosomes

sexual reproduction

the rate of self-furtulity is likely to increase in a mine-tailing site due to harsh conditions

What is happening to rate of self furtility in mine tailing site and why?

inheritance of chromosomes

sex is determined by

posses two different chromosomes will produce an equal number of gamets with each chromosome

sex

XX chromosomes

females =

XY

males =

determined by the environment which is a type of phenotypic plasticity

environmental sex determination 

occurs when the sex of an individuals is determined by temperature at which eggs develop (reptiles)

temperature-dependent sex determination

describes how males and females match up to reproduce

mating systems

traits related to fertilization

primary sexual characteristic

traits related to differences between the sexes in terms of body size

secondary sexual characteristic

continues until males lack genetic variation for the preferred trait, potentially ceasing its exaggeration

runaway sexual selection

the greater the handicap carries the greater its ability must be to offset that trait

handicap principal

can be predators

parasites and pathogens

disease spread

High population density can increase rate of

benefits of group living vs. cost of intraspecific (with-species competition)

trade-off

passing copies of genes to offspring

direct fitness

passes on copies of your genes by helping in relation improve its fitness

indirect fitness (kin selection)

direct + indirect

inclusive fitness

copies of a particular gene are shared by relatives

coefficient of relatedness