Chapter 15 Bullet Points: World War I

Shot Archduke Franz Ferdinand and started World War I

Gavrilo Princip, a member of a pro-Serbian conspiracy

Who rose up and challenged the authority of the Ottoman Empire

The Young Ottomans also call Young Turks

Effects of nationalism on Russia and Austria-Hungary

• Austria-Hungary

  • Nationalism filled Austria-Hungary’s pride as the empire viewed itself as a great power, and attempted to take over the Balkans

• Russia

  • Nationalism made Russia view themselves as protectors of Slavic people

Ethnic diversity effects on Russia

• Ethnic diversity unstabilized Russia's Imperial

  • The Polish people rebelled against Russian rule in 1830 and in 1863–1864

  • Russia’s harsh anti-Semitic laws and periodic pogroms (massacres) prompted many Jews to flee to America

• Due to this, Russia tried imposing its language on its subjects but ended up dividing the people instead of unifying them

Cause of the Taiping Rebellion

• The mixture of social unhappiness and foreign intrusion caused the Taiping Rebellion in Guangxi

  • A lot of social problems have been generating disorders for half a century

• Hong Xiuquan leader of the Taiping Rebellion

  • He was influenced by Chinese and American Protestant missionaries

  • He saw himself as Jesus’s younger brother, commissioned by God to find a new kingdom on Earth and drive out the Manchus

• His new religious movement was called the “Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace.”

How long did the rebels stay fortified in Nanjing?

• The Taipings conquered Nanjing in 1853 and made it the capital of the new “Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace.

• When the Qing had Nanjing surrounded the Taipings provisioned and fortified themselves for a decade.

• Britain and France joined to help the Qing defeat the Taipings

After the Qing lost control. Who took over?

Empress Dowager Cixi in 1860

Why China’s “Self-Strengthening Movement” was a failure

• The “self-strengthening movement” tried to bring reforms to reduce government expenditures and eliminate corruption

  • However, it wasn’t effective because China was already too weak to resist Britain’s demands allowing them to take over customs enforcement and permitting the free import of opium

How Japan gain control of Korea and Taiwan

• China and Japan fought over Korea, and Japan emerged victorious

  • Due to their loss, China was forced to evacuate Korea, cede its control of Taiwan and the Liaodong Peninsula, and pay Japan a heavy indemnity.

  • However, Japan was forced to give up Liaodong in the name of “territorial integrity” in order to prevent them from joining the ranks of the imperialist

Sino-Japanese War: China vs Japan over Korea

Who encouraged the Righteous Fists, or Boxers

• Empress Dowager Cixi encouraged the Righteous Fists to rise and expel foreigners from China in 1900

  • These events convinced Chinese children that China needed a revolution to get rid of the Qing dynasty and modernize their country

Role play in the Mexican Revolution

• The Mexican Revolution was a social revolution that developed haphazardly under ambitious but limited leaders, each representing a different segment of Mexican society

• Francisco I, Madero - Prevented Diaz from being elected for the sixth term, and took his place as president.

  • Sparked a revolution in Mexico

• General Victoriano Huerta - Assisted by Henry Lane Wilson assassinated Madero

• Emiliano Zapata - Mobilized landless peasants in south-central Mexico in order to seize and divide the lands of the haciendas

• Francisco “Pancho" Villa - Formed a cavalry army in the north of Mexico and fought for the rights of the landless in collaboration with Emiliano Zapata

• Venustiano Carranza & Alvaro Obregon - organized private armies and overthrew Huerta in 1914

Why Germany was considered to be the center of Europe

Germany was located in the center of Europe and had the most powerful army on the European continent

How Bismark create unity in Germany

• He weakened the influence of middle-class liberals by extending voting rights to all men

• He imposes high tariffs on manufactured goods and wheat gaining the support of both wealthy industrialists in the Rhineland and landowners in eastern Germany

• He introduced path-breaking social legislation—medical, unemployment, and disability insurance as well as old-age pensions—long before other industrial countries

• Under his leadership, Germany developed a strong sense of national unity and pride in their industrial and military power, sentiments that would help fuel a more aggressive assertion of German power internationally

Who took over after Kaiser Wilhelm I

His grandson Wilhelm II in 1888

What weakness did France have in relation to Great Britain and Germany

• France was behind Britain and Germany in the development of modern heavy industry

• They also had fewer populations than Germany.

  • EX. In 1911 France had only 39 million people compared to Germany’s 64 million

Weakness in Britain economy compare to the U.S. and Germany

• Great Britain fell behind the U.S. and Germany in steel, chemicals, electricity, and textiles industries

• Britain was also falling behind Germany in shipbuilding and shipping

When the Ottoman Empire lose these provinces

• 1902 - 1903: Macedonia

• 1908: Bosnia

• 1909: Crete

• 1910: Albania

• 1912: Libya

Who was blamed for the Ottoman failure

• Many officers in the army blamed Sultan Abdul Hamid II for the decline of the Ottoman Empire

• The Young Turks plotted to force the sultan to reinstate a stillborn constitution that was suspended in 1876

  • They alienated other anti-Ottoman groups by advocating centralized rule and the Turkification of ethnic minorities

M-A-I-N

• M - Military

• A - Alliances

• I - Imperialism

• N - Nationalism

The Western Front

The Western Front was a line of trenches and fortifications that stretched without a break from Switzerland to the North Sea.

What made the trench warfare so deadly

All the trenches were connected leaving no gaps for either sides to advance

Significant of the Lusitania

• The Lusitania was attacked by Germany killing 1,198 people, 139 of them Americans.

  • This led to America joining the World War I.

How war change lives for normal civilians economically

• France & Britain’s food rations were allocated according to need, improving nutrition among the poor.

• Thousands of Africans, Indians, and Chinese were recruited for heavy labor in Europe

• Women were hired to replace men positions in jobs

  • This gave women a taste of personal and financial independence

• Germany was running out of food leading soldiers at the front to raid enemy lines to scavenge food

Hardships brought to Europe’s African colonies

• The hardships brought by the Europeans:

  • Foods were requisitioned

  • Heavy taxes were imposed

  • Africans were forced to grow crops and sell at low prices

  • Africans were also forced to join the war

WWI impact on the United States

• Due to the U.S. choosing to stay neutral during WWI. Their business was boosted as they supplied France and Great Britain with war supplies

  • This boosted their economy

• WWI created many employment opportunities which played a major role in the migration of African Americans from the rural South to the cities of the North

• Civilians invested their savings in war bonds and grew food in backyards known as “victory gardens.”

How Britain used the Middle East against the Ottoman Empire

• Britain promised the emir (hereditary governor) of Mecca, Hussein ibn Ali, a kingdom of his own if he would lead an Arab revolt against the Turks

  • Hussein rose up and was proclaimed king of Hejaz (western Arabia) in 1916

  • His son Faisal led the Arab army in support of the British advance from Egypt into Palestine and Syria

    • The Arab Revolt of 1916 did not affect the struggle in Europe, but it did contribute to the defeat of the Ottoman Empire.

What made the Balfour Declaration so controversial

The Balfour Declaration later led to conflicts between Arabs in Palestine and Jewish settlers

The cause & outcome of February Revolution

• The cause of the February Revolution

  • Food ran out in Petrograd (St. Petersburg)

  • Women staged mass demonstration

  • Soldiers mutinied and joined striking workers to form soviets (councils) to take over factories and barracks

• The outcome of the February Revolution

Cause & Outcome of the October Revolution

• The Bolsheviks gained support among workers, soldiers, and sailors at Petrograd. After that, they rose up and took over the city.

• The Provisional Government was overthrown and Mensheviks, Social Revolutionaries, and other rivals were arrested by Linen

He led the Bolsheviks. Explain his rise of power

• Linen was the leader of the Bolsheviks

  • He became a revolutionary when his brother was killed by the tsar

  • He spent years in exile and devoted his full attention to organizing a party that would lead the revolution rather than wait for it.

The Guomindang

A Nationalist Political party organized by Sun Yat-sen in 1912

Japan benefits for joining the Allies during WWI

• When Japan saw an opportunity to advance their interest, they joined the Allies during WWI

• Two benefits Japan gained from joining the Allies during WWI are:

  • Conquered the German colonies in the Northern Pacific

  • Gave Japan the advantage to take over China

The Fourteen Points

• Made by President Wilson

• The Fourteen Points was a peace plan. It called for

  • German evacuation of occupied lands

  • The settling of territorial disputes by the decisions of the local populations

  • The formation of an association of nations to guarantee the independence and territorial integrity of all states

The major factor of bringing WWI to an end

• The U.S joining the War

• A new German government signed an armistice ending the war

How many lives were lost during WWI

• Between 9 million and 10 million soldiers died in the war

  • Germany lost 2 million

  • Russia lost 1.7 million

  • French lost 1.7 million

  • Austria-Hungary lost 1.5 million

  • British Empire a million

  • Ottoman Empire half a million

  • Italy 460,000

  • United States 115,000

How many lives were displaced due to the war and revolution

War and revolution forced almost 2 million Russians, 750,000 Germans, and 400,000 Hungarians to flee their homes

What created the great influenza pandemic in 1918-1919? How many lives were lost?

• The great influenza started among soldiers heading for the Western Front

• It killed 20 million people worldwide

Environmental cost of WWI

• Forest were ravaged

• Towns were demolished

• The earth was gouged by trenches, pitted with craters, and littered with; ammunition, broken weapons, and the bones of countless soldiers

What made the Paris Peace Conference so ineffective

• Italy was ignored

• Japanese proposal that all races be treated equally was rejected

• Pan-African Congress organized by the African American W. E. B. Du Bois to call attention to the concerns of African peoples around the world was ignored

• Everyone who attended was ignored and rejected by the Big Three

The Mandate System and its accomplishment

The Mandate System was formed by the League of Nations to govern former German and Ottoman territories. It seeks to prepare each territory for independence