Session 2: Introduction to Linguistics

The BSED English students were tasked to identify basic English sentence patterns. They can get a clue from the_____.

verb type

How are vowels classified?

highness and lowness

How do consonants differ from vowels?

the obstacles in sound production

How many phonemes are there in the English language?

44

How many are the consonant sounds?

24

How many are vowel sounds?

20 (including the schwa and dipthongs)

Which of the following should be included in a pronunciation lesson in plural nouns?

a. /t/ /d/ /əd/

b. /s/ /ź/ /əz/

c. /s/ /z/ /əz/

d. /š/ /z/ /əz/

This sound features the voiced, palatal, and fricative

ź or ʒ (palato-alveolar)

Variation of /tʃ/

č

Variation of /ʃ/

š

Which of the following contains /ð/?

a. though

b. thought

c. through

d. thorough

a. though

Which of the following minimal pairs can be used to teach the contrast between /ɛ/ and /e/?

a. bet-bait

b. bat-bait

c. bet-bat

d. bet-bit

a. bet-bait

What is shown in the systematic variation of /t/ such as top is aspirated, /t/ in stop is released, and /t/ in pot is unreleased?\

a. consonant

b. variation

c. allophone

d. phoneme

c. allophone

Allophone

It is the variation of sounds of the same syllable or letter

What is the generalization in the area of phonology can be drawn from the following linguistic data: table, can, attack, paper, space, accordion?

a voiceless stop is aspirated if it begins a syllable of a stressed vowel.

Which of the following is a monophthong?

a. ɑʊ

b. ei

c. uɔ

d. æ

d. æ

A single vowel sound that is fairly fixed at both beginning and end

Monopthongs

two-vowel sound

Diphthongs

three vowel sounds that glide together

Tripthongs

Which of the following is a diphthong?

a. /i:/

b. /u:/

c. /ei/

d. /a:/

c. /ei/

The vowels in words like stir, her,

another terms for rhotic

vocalic R, retroflex vowel, retrocize vowel

Linguistics has two major branches: name them

Micro-linguistics (Theoretical)

Macro-linguistic

This branch of Linguistic is not yet used but focuses more on the foundation of the language. Such as its sounds, articulations, and how it is formed.

Micro-linguistic (Theoretical)

This branch of Linguistic focuses on its usage and how linguists used it in their daily lives.

Macro-linguistics

What are the sub-categories of Micro-linguistics (Theoretical)?

Phonology, Morphology, Syntax, Semantics, Pragmatics

It studies the nature of language, what it is all about and how it works.

Micro-linguistics (Theoretical)

It studies the system of sounds and abstract properties.

Phonology

Why do we use slashes when we write a particular phoneme or sounds?

because it is a representation of an abstract or non-existent sounds.

It studies the physical property of sounds; speech sounds.

Phonetics

It is a branch of micro-linguistics that helps us create an image in our minds of the sounds we utter. For instance, “What symbol can we used in this particular sound?”

Phonology

It is a branch of Linguistics that focuses on what parts of our body produced this kind of sounds.

Phonetics

It studies how words are formed.

Morphology

It focuses on the arrangement of words and phrases to form sentences.

Syntax

It studies the linguistic meaning of words and sentences “conceptual meaning“

Semantics

It studies the language meaning/ use “contextual meaning'“

Pragmatics

This is a branch of Linguistic that focuses on the associations or representation of a word. For instance, pink: color, femininity, political party, etc. (The meaning varies on how we used it)

Pragmatics

A branch of linguistics that studies the language at a broader perspective.

Macro-linguistics

It is concerned with how a language is acquired or how it relates to society as a whole.

Macro-linguistics

It studies the patterns and variations in language within a society or community; effects of cultural factors.

Sociolinguistics

It is concerned with the processes related to word cognition and learning (language acquisition).

Psycholinguistics

It is an application of computer science in the analysis of langauge and speech.

Computational Linguistics

It is a study of language change or change of a group of languages over time.

Historical linguistics (Diachronic)

It is comparing languages to establish their similarities and differences.

Comparative linguistics

It is based on theories and principles that language is composed of structural units such as lexical and syntactic elements.

Structural linguistics

It aims to explain the evolution and formation of language. It studies the etymology of a certain word.

Biolinguistics

It is an application of language studies in real life, such as in language teaching and learning.

Applied linguistics

It is for speech language pathology (disabilities in producing a language)

Clinical linguistics

It is the development of linguistic ability, esp. children.

Developmental linguistics

It classifies languages according to their structural and functional components.

Linguistic typology

It studies the realationship between language and the functions of the brain.

Neurolinguistics

It investigates the origin of words, their birth, development, etc.

Etymology

If a linguist believes that language begins with the phonological level and ends with the sentence level, which of the following will s/he follow?

a. sentence to word

b. sound to sentence

c. word to sentence

d. sound to word

b. sound to sentence

It is the best assurance that the good findings of linguistics will reach end users?

Teachers pick up and put to good use the findings of linguistics in their language.