Biology Week 1 Gathering

What is iodine essential for

thryoid gland (for T3 and T4)

What can cross the membrane without a transporter

cortisol

what has both endo and exocrine functions

Pancreas

where are steroid hormones made in the body

adrenal cortex or gonads

how does estrogen attack certain cells

freely corsses, binds to nuclear receptors and bind to DNA sequences

what does the hypothalamus connect to

Post. Pituitary

what hormones does the hypothalamus make

oxytocin and antidueritic

what does antidiuretic or ADH do

increases water perm. of collecting ducts

what can bind a hormone to secondary messenger

G protein coupled reactor

what is a secondary messenger in signal transduction

Calcium

What organ lowers blood calcium levels

Thyroid

What cells release calcitonin

C cells

what does calcitonin do

decreases osteoblast activity

What organ decreases blood glucose concentrations

Pancreas

What does glucagon do

released by alpha due to low glucose. It raises glucose levels

What does insulin do

released by beta due to high glucose. decreases glucose levels.

Somatostatin

released by delta cells and stops growth hormone

what hormones are water soluble

peptide

What does IP3 do

Increases cystolic calcium levels which leads to many enzymes activating

what does prolactin do

stim. milk production

what hormones are water soluble

epinephrine, insulin, and HGH

what hormones are lipid soluble

cortisol, aldosterone, and sex hormones

what hormones does the anterior pituatary gland make

FLAT PiG. FSH, LH, TSH, Prolactin, Growth, and Adrenocorti…

what hormones does the post. pituitary make

stores and releases antidueretic and oxytocin

what causes goiter

iodine dificiency

what hormone increases cellular metabolism levels

thyroxine

what organ makes epinephrine

adrenal medulla

what adrenal cortex hormone increases blood pressure

aldosterone

what does vasopressin target

kidneys (increases water reabsorption)

What does GRH target

anterior pituatary (releases LH and FSH)

what is ACTH released by

anterior pit. (targets adrenal and releases cortisol)

what are the diff. between the ant and post pituitary

the anterior is connected to hypothalamus through blood vessels while posterios is connected through nuerons

what makes a hormone that increases blood calcium levels

parathyroid

what hormones increases blood glucose levels

cortisol

what hormones does the post pit make

vaso and oxytocin

what sturcure makes steroids

adrenal cortex

how do distant cells communicate

hormones

how is the production of test. stimulated

LH targets the Leydig Cells

what hormone stim. another to release another hromone

ACTH

what is correlated with the adrenal medulla

sympathetic nervous system

what cna explain how fish gills absorb oxygrn from water

countercurrent exchange

what is at the bottom of the thoriac cavity

diaphragm

how is reparation controlled

controlled by medulla oblongata and pons of brainstem

what causes a respiratory center response

accumulation of carbon dioxide

what decreases O2 binding

high CO2, low pH, 23 BPG, High temp

what increases O2 binding

low CO2, high pH, fetal hemo, and low temp

how to remeber oxygen curve

CADET, FACE RIGHT! - increase in cadet means it will shfift to the right

what is a major intracellular buffer in humans

phosphate (regulate fluid pH)

when biocarbonate diffuses out, what enters to balance the charge

Chlorine (Cl)

what is the passage of air

trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli

what does surfactant do in the resp. system

reduces surface tension

what do goblet cells do

secret mucus to trap debris

what do ciliated epith. cells do

move mucus and debris away from the lungs

what is the response to metabolic acidosis

breathing increases

how many lobes of the lungs

left 2 right three

what is cooperativity

the more O2 binds, the easier it becomes

how does Co2 go from tissues to blood to lungs

simple diffusion

what is the H zone.

The middle part of a muscle.

what are the breakdowns of a muscle

muscle fibet - myofibril - sacromere

what is the outer part of a sacromore

I band and has a Z line

What is the entire big middle section called and contains

Called the A band

what are the major contractile proteins that help with contractions

actin and myosin

what is the first step of muscle contraction

action potential gets to the end nueron

what is the second step of a contraction

acetylcholine is released onto muscle fiber

What is the third step to contraction

acetylcholine binds to ligand gated sodium channels, making a potential

What is the forth step of contraction

threshold is met and gates are open, making a action potential

what is the fifth step to contraction

action potential goes down T tubules

what is the sixth step to contraction

action potential triggers sarco. reticulum to release calcium

what is the 7th step to contraction

calcium binds to troponin which stimulates the power stroke.

what happens after calcium binds to troponin

Myosin and actin bind

what happens after myosin and actin bind

sliding motion causes fibers to shorten

how do the cross bridges unbind after they bind

ATP binds to myosin

What is the most common nuerotrans. in muscular

Acetylcholine

what part of sacromore shortens

H zone

what is the functional unit of muscle

sacromere

what are thick and thin filaments made of

myosin thick, actin thin

what actually helps in contraction

troponin

what does acetylcholinesterase do

hydrolyzes acetylcholine

what part of the brain does cortical arousal

reticular formation

what is part of the cerebral cortex

all the lobes

what does the brainstem contain

medulla, pons, midbrain, and reticular

what does the limbic system contain

thalamus, hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala

what does the cerebellum do

coordinates movement

what does the amygdala do

emotional reaction

hippocampus

memory

what does the hypothalamus do

hormones

what does the thalamus do

relay center: sensory and motor signals

what does the medulla do

heart rate, breathing, blood pressure, toxins

what do pons do

relay messages

what does the midbrain do

relays senses to other parts of brain

what does parietal lobe do

spatial perception and sensation

what does occ lobe do

sight

what does temporal lobe do

speech and hearing

what does the Na/K pump do

three Na out / two K in

what is part of the outer ear

tympanic membrane

what is in the middle ear

ossicles

what is in the inner ear

cochlea and semicircular canals

what does depolarization entail

Na+ channels open