TEAS EXAM

What is the role of amylase in the gastric system?

Helps with digestion of starches

What is the role of lipase in the gastric system?

Helps with digestion of fats

What are the stomach secretions?

electrolytes , water, hydrochloric acid, mucous, etc.

What is pepsinogen?

Protein digestion secreted by gastric chief cells

What is the job of the duodenum of the large intestine?

Neutralizes acidic chyme and it produces enzymes

Describe the small intestine.

It has villi/microvilli which helps to absorb nutrients

What does the hepatic duct do?

Carry nutrients to the liver

What is the junction between the small and large intestine?

The vermiform/appendix

What vitamin is absorbed by the small intestine?

Vitamin K

What is the role of insulin?

It induces the cellular uptake of glucose from the bloodstream (targets the liver)

What is the role of glucagon?

It stimulates the breakdown of stores glycogen (targets liver)

What is the liver the site of?

Lipid metabolism

What is the function of the endocrine system?

Secretes hormones into the circulatory system

What does the pancreas release?

Insulin

What is the job of the pancreas?

Signal the cells when to uptake sugar

Releases glucagon when the blood sugar levels drop

What happens if the pancreas doesn't do its job?

Type 1 diabetes occurs

Type 1 diabetes

Overactive immune system the body attacks the cells in the pancreas that make insulin

What does the pineal gland release?

Melatonin

What do the adrenal glands release?

Epinephrine (fight or flight response) medulla

What does the thyroid release

Thyroxine which stimulates metabolism

What does the pituitary gland release?

Growth hormone and the follicle stimulating hormone

What controls the pituitary gland?

hypothalamus

What is ADH?

Increases water retention in the kidneys and blood vessels

inhibits and prevents urine formation. helps body avoid dehydration and overload

What does the anterior pituitary secrete?

Growth hormone, Luteninzing hormone, TSH, and FSH

What is the job of the parathyroid?

Controls calcium concentration in the blood

What is calcitonin produced by?

The thyroid gland and plays a major role in the metabolism of calcium

What is the job of afferent neurons?

Sends signals to the central nervous system

Sensory (afferent)

What is the job of the efferent neurons?

Sends messages to the muscles

Motor (efferent)

What are muscles made up of?

Sarcomere units, actin and myosin

What is actin?

Thin filaments that act when muscles contract

What is myosin?

Thick filaments that bind/pull together

What powers muscle contraction?

ATP

What is the innate immune response?

It is NONSPECIFIC the body naturally does it

Skin mucous, chemical barriers and NK cells

What is the adaptive immune response?

It is SPECIFIC, adapts to be specific for specific antigens

What causes type 2 diabetes?

insulin resistance, happens as a result of chronic high blood sugar levels

What is the difference between cellular and humoral immunity?

Humoral immunity produces antigen specific antibodies and cellular doesnt

What are T and B cells apart of?

The adaptive immune response

What does the epidermis layer contain?

melanocytes , which gives our skin color

What does the dermis layer contain?

Collagen, the gland, blood vessels and nerve endings

What does the sebaceous gland do?

secrete oil

What do the sudoriferous glands secrete?

sweat

What is the job of the mitochondria?

It produces energy

What is the job of the cell wall

It is the structural support of the cell

What is the job of chloroplast

It helps with photosynthesis, produces atp and sugars

What does the cytoskeleton help with?

Movements of the cell

What does the golgi body do?

Help process proteins

What is the job of lysosomes?

Aid in digestion for the cell, it also recycles old cell material

What does the nucleus do?

Holds all the genetic information of the cell and builds ribosomes

What does the plasma membrane do?

Maintain the cells environment, also has selective permeability

What do ribosomes do?

synthesize proteins from amino acids

What does rough endoplasmic reticulum do?

Synthesizes and process proteins in the cell

What does smooth endoplasmic reticulum do?

Synthesize and process lipids

What are vacuoles?

Part of the cell that store toxins, water and carbs

How many liters of urine does the adult bladder hold?

600 mL

Where is the site of sperm maturation

The epididymis

How long is the female urethra?

1.5 inches

What hormone is secreted by the posterior pituitary gland?

antidiuretic hormone ADH and oxytocin

What is exergonic?

The breakdown to gain ATP

What is endergonic?

Needs adp to use atp

What is passive transport?

Doesn't need any ATP

examples of passive transport

diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion

active transport

Does need ATP

example of active transport

sodium potassium pump

potassium sodium pump

Enzymes are highly specific for the substrate that they're going to receive because enzymes have an active site where they bind with the substrate

Meiosis

Ends in 4 haploid gametes (sexual reproduction)

Mitosis

Produces two identical daughter cells

Describe RNA

Usually single stranded but can form a double helix by folding onto itself

What do acids provide

Hydrogen ions

What do bases accept

hydrogen ions

atomic mass

protons + neutrons

atomic number

number of protons

Ionic bonds

Conduct energy and are soluable in water

Acids pH

less than 7

Bases pH

greater than 7

What do catalysts do?

Lower the activation energy needed for chemical reactions

What is the first stage of bone healing

1. Hematoma formation (blood filled swelling is formed, blood vessels break)

What is the second stage in bone healing

fibrocartilage callus forms (replaced by a bony callus)

What is the 3rd stage in bone healing

Bony callus formation (remodeled to form a permanent patch)

What is the final step in bone formation

Bone remodeling (alignment)

What kind of bone fractures occur when the bone is broken up into many fragments

Comminuted

greenstick fracture

bending and incomplete break of a bone; most often seen in children

How many bones in total

206

How many axial bones are there?

80

How many appendicular bones?

126 bones

What are histones?

A protein that provides support to a chromosome, their positively charges allows them to associate with DNA which is negatively charged

What are histones made of

Positively charged amino acids residues such as lysine and arginine

Describe the frontal lobe

Short term and working memory and info processing. Controls things such as thinking, organization, emotions, behavior and personality

Broca's area frontal lobe

speech production of damaged failure to form words

occipital lobe

Associated with visual input and it's interpretations

parietal lobe in charge of

Perception, making sense, arithmetic and spelling

temporal lobe

Associated with auditory, olfactory, and gustatory sensory input and interpretation

medulla oblongata function

regulating vital function (breathing, digestion, heart rate), connects spinal cord to brain

Pons function

Management of sleep, arousal, and facial expressions. Links medulla and thalamus

Cerebellum

Balance and coordination

hypertonic solution

When EFC has a higher solute concentration compared to the cytoplasm

hypotonic solution

When efc has a lower solute concentration compared to cytoplasm

isotonic solution

When ecf has same solute concentration as the cytoplasm

Systole

Contraction of ventricles (heart expels blood)

Diastole

Relaxation of ventricles ( heart refills with blood)

SA node (sinoatrial node)

Pacemaker of the heart controls contractions via electrical signals