Exam, Modules 30 and 31 Personality Development

Adler

neofreudian, psychodynamic, social psychoanalysis

“The Big Five”

Openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism

Self Striving Bias

a readiness to perceive oneself favorably

Self Esteem

one feeling of high or low self worth

Spot light effect

overestimating other noticing and evaluating our appearances, performances and blunders. (assume the spot light is on us)

self

in contemporary psychology, assumed to be the center of personality, the organizer of our thoughts, feelings, and others

Recipricol Control

the interacting influences of behaviors, internal cognition, and envionment

Social Cognitive Perspective

views behavior as influenced by the interaction between people’s trait and their social context

Personality Inventory

a questionnaire on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors, used to asses selected personality traits.

trait

a characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act as assessed by self report inventories and peer reports

personality

an individual characteristic patter of thinking, feeling, and acting.

Horney

psychoanalytic, 1885-1952, womb envy

Horney Womb envy theory

need for safety and satisfaction.

neurotic needs

exaggerated ways of coping with basic anxiety, a feeling of helplessness in a potentially hostile world. moving away, against, toward.

Moving toward

seek affimation and acceptance from others and are often descibed as needy or clingy as they seek out approval and LOVE.

1. the need for affection and approval

Moving against

need to control others, difficult, domineering, and unkind.

4. the need for power

Moving away

create hostility and anti social behavior. often cold, different, and aloof.

9. the need for self-sufficiency and independence.

Birth Order + Influence

families are unique. a persons family exerts more influence on them than any other. birth order = life long effect on who they become.

Influences: spacing, gender, physical make up, twins

first borns

perfectionist, reliable, list maker, well organized, people pleasers, supporter, loyal, lot of pressure and more chores

middle borns

may be medior or avoid conflict, shy or outgoing, impatient or laid back. they are loyal to peer group, gets “lost” in family, branch off, feel upstaged, make peoiple happy, and strong social skills.

youngest

outgoing, charmers, manipulator, carefree, can be rebellious, critical, temperamental, spoiled, not taken serious, and have thicker skin

only child

first born X10, more mature, 1. very objective, never tolerating. 2. everyones rescuer

Id, Ego, Superego + Scenario

someones sees a treat but is on a diet

Id: crave it immediately

Ego: would mediate by choosing a small piece or wait until later

Superego: remind them of their commitment and potential guilt.

Myer Briggs

personality test categorizes individuals

introversion vs. extraversion

where you get your energy and where you direct your energy.

E: get from environment, social, expressive

I: from inner world, reflective, privacy, quiet

Sensing vs. intuition

always taking in info

S: through 5 senses, details, present, facts

I: way of hunch, patterns, future, hunches, random

Judging vs. Perception

J: style is decisive, planned and orderly, organized, structure, control, deadlines

P: lifestyle is flexible, adaptive and spontaneous, curious, wait, experiences

Defense Mechanism

unconscious process employed to avoid axiety arousing thoughts or feelings

denial

refusing to believe or even perceive painful realities.

Displacement

shifting sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object,

Rationalization

offering self justifying explanations in place of the real , more threatening unconscious reasons fro ones action.

projection

disguising ones own threatening impulses by attributing them to others

Reaction Formation

switching unacceptable impulses into their opposites

Regression

an individual reverts to earlier, more immature behaviors or coping mechanisms in response to stress, anxiety, or conflict

Psychosexual Stage

a physical focus where the child energy is concentrated and their gratification obtained. a psychological them, a adult character type.

Oral Stage

0-18 mo

physical focus: mouth

Psychological theme: dependency

adult character: highly dependent/ independent

Anal stage

18 mo to 3.5 yrs

Physical focus: anus

Psychological theme: obedience and control

adult character: anally retentive

Phallic stage

3.5 yrs to 6yrs

physical focus: penis

Psychological theme: oedipus complex

adult character: overly vein and sexually aggressive.

Latency stage

6yrs to puberty

relative calm

Genital stage

post puberty

physical focus: genitals

maturity

personality

an individual characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting

free association

a method of exploring the unconscious in which a person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how embarrasing

unconscious

a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. info processing od which we are unaware

psychoanalysis

theory of personality that attributes, thoughts, and actions to unconscious motives and conflict, the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpert unconscious tensions.

Id

pleasure principal, depending immediate gradification

Ego

reality principle, satisfying desire in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather pain

Superegp

internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment and future aspirations

Oedipus Complex

a boys sexual desire toward his mother and feeling of jealousy and hate for the father

identification

children incorporate their parents values into their developing super egos.

fixation

a lingering focus of pleasure seeking energies at an earlier physcosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved.

collective unconscious

shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species history.

self actualization

one of the unlimited psychological needs to arise after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self esteem is achieved.

unconditional positive regard

an attitude of total acceptance toward another

self concept

all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question “who am I?”

word association

technique used to explore subconscious thoughts and emotions

Inferiority feelings

if always (usually physically disabled or spoiled), the source of all human striving, inferiority complex

developed 3 ways: 1. organic inferiority 2. spoiling 3. neglect

Carl Jung

founder analytical psychology

Archetype

universal symbol or theme of the unconscious

The shadow

hidden parts of the self

Typologies

personality types based on thinking, feeling, sensation, and intuition

Sychronicity

meaningful coincidences with no casual limit

The persona

the social mask we wear to fit into society

Mandela

jung sketched small circular drawings, the Mandela, seemed to correspond to his inner situation, discovered to be the self, the wholesome personality.

Anima/Animus

inner fem in men

inner masc in women

pleasure and reality principal

the pleasure principle is the instinctual drive to seek immediate gratification of desires, while the reality principle involves learning to defer gratification and consider the consequences of actions.

Gordon Allaport

American psychologist. Allport was one of the first psychologists to focus on the study of the personality

Maslow

humanist, 1908-1970

physiological needs, safety needs, love and belonging, lower+higher needs, deficit needs, self actualization

Deficit Needs

if your dont have enough of something you have a deficit, you feel you need

Lower + higher needs

low: respect others, status, glory, attention

high: self respect, confidence, compet

Love and Belonging

need for friends, community, have social anxiety, desire to marry, have family, and go to church

Safety needs

need for structure, order, some limts met, aware of fear + anxiety, live in safe place, have insurence

Phycological needs

oxygen, food, temp, active, sex

Criticism Maslow Theory

does not sound like good science

placed high constraints on self actualization

expectations to the rule

erikson

stages of psychosocial development.

ex: stage 1: trust vs mistrust

Humanist

believe humans enable good

Carl Rogers

founders of humanistic psychology and was known especially for his person-centered psychotherapy. you are responsible for change and growth

Fully Functioning person has..

openness, existenial living, organismic trusting, experimental freedom, creativity

good therapist

genuiness, unconditional positive regard, empathy, congruence

Albert Bandura

social cognitive perspective

positive psychology

unconscious forces

Freud

tell me about… free association

manifest vs latent functions

manifest functions are the intended and recognized consequences of a social phenomenon, while latent functions are the unintended and unrecognized consequences.

trait perspective

considers an personality of an individual and the number of traits they have

Biopsychosocial approach

understanding an individual's behavior or mental health by considering the interplay of biological, psychological, and social factors

Costa and McCrae

developed and validated the the big 5 of personality,They created the NEO-PI-R to measure these traits and showed they are stable and universal across cultures.

capacity for healthy growth and self realization

emphasizes the inherent human drive towards realizing one's full potential, pursuing meaningful goals, and achieving a sense of fulfillment

Freud

founder of psychoanalysis

unconscious forces

mental processes and influences that occur outside of conscious awareness but can still significantly affect behavior and decision-making.

Learned Helplessness

a psychological phenomenon where an individual, after repeated exposure to uncontrollable stressful events, becomes passive and stops trying to change or avoid the situation, even when opportunities to do so become available.

internal locus of control

believe that their own actions, decisions, and efforts directly influence the outcomes they experience

external locus of control

believe that external forces—such as luck, fate, other people, or circumstances—are primarily responsible for the outcomes in their lives.

thinking vs feeling

way of making decisions

T: based on logic, objective consideration, head, justice, criticize

F: personal subjective values, heart, harmony, personal