Scientific Foundation of Psychology

(10-14%)

structuralism

introspection (looking inward to examine mental experience) to find underlying structures of the mind

functionalism

need to analyze the purpose of behavior

psychoanalytic/psychodynamic

unconscious, childhood, Freud

behavioral

learned, reinforced

humanistic

free will, choice, ideal

evolutionary

genes

biological

brain, NTs

sociocultural

society

biopsychosocial

combo of approaches

Mary Calkins

first female president of APA

Margaret Floy Washburn

first female PhD

Charles Darwin

natural selection and evolution

Dorothea Dix

reformed mental institutions

Stanley Hall

first president of APA

William James

father of american psychology

Wilhelm Wundt

father of psychology

basic research

purpose of increasing knowledge

applied research

purpose of helping people

psychologist

research or counseling

psychiatrist

prescribe medications and diagnose

independent variable

changed by researcher

experimental group

received treatment

control group

baseline

placebo effect

showing behaviors when only having received placebo

dependent variable

measured variable

double-blind

neither participant or experimenter are aware which condition people are assigned to

single-blind

only participant is blind

operational definition

description of variables

random assignment

randomly assigning to either control or experiment group

random sample

method for choosing participants for your study

representative sample

sample mimics the general population

correlation

does not equal causation

positive correlation

variables increase and decrease together

negative correlation

as one variable increases the other decreases

third variable problem

different variable is responsible for relationship

illusory correlation

belief of correlation that doesn’t exist

naturalistic observation

observe people in their own setting

case study

studies one person in great detail

mean

average

median

middle number

mode

occurs most

statistical signifance

results not due to chance

ethical guidelines

confidentiality, informed consent, debriefing, no harm