APGov Chapter 3

confederation

Type of government in which the national government derives its powers from the states; a league of independent states.

monarchy

A form of government in which power is vested in hereditary kings and queens who govern the entire society.

aristocracy

A government in which a small group of individuals govern for the perceived good of all.

totalitarianism

A form of government in which power resides in leaders who rule by force in their own self-interest and without regard to rights and liberties.

oligarchy

A form of government in which the right to participate depends on the possession of wealth

federal system

System of government in which the national government and state governments share power and derive all authority from the people.

Tenth Amendment

The final part of the Bill of Rights that defines the basic principle of American federalism in stating that the powers not delegated to the national government are reserved to the states or to the people.

reserved powers

Powers reserved to the states by the Tenth Amendment that lie at the foundation of a state's right to legislate for the public health and welfare of its citizens.

concurrent powers

Powers shared by the national and state governments.

Dillon's Rule

A premise articulated by Judge John F. Dillon in 1868 that states that local governments do not have any inherent sovereignty and instead must be authorized by state governments that can create or abolish them.

charter

A document that

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

Supreme Court ruling that upheld the power of the national government and denied the right of a state to tax the federal bank

Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)

Supreme Court ruling that upheld broad congressional power to regulate interstate commerce.

Barron v. Baltimore (1833)

Supreme Court ruling that

dual federalism

The belief that having separate and equally powerful levels of government is the best arrangement

nullification

The belief in the right of a state to declare void a federal law.

Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857)

Supreme Court decision that ruled the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional and denied citizenship rights to enslaved Black people. Dred Scott heightened tensions between the pro-slavery South and the abolitionist North in the run-up to the Civil War.

Civil War

The military conflict from 1861 to 1865 in the United States between the Northern forces of the Union and the Southern forces of the Confederacy. Over 600

secession

A unilateral assertion of independence by a geographic region within a country. The eleven southern states making up the Confederacy during the Civil War seceded from the United States.

Reconstruction

The period from 1865 to 1877 after the Civil War

Sixteenth Amendment

Amendment to the U.S. Constitution that authorized Congress to enact a national income tax.

Seventeenth Amendment

Amendment to the U.S. Constitution that made senators directly elected by the people

New Deal

The political program enacted by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in the 1930s that greatly expanded the role of the federal government to combat the effects of the Great Depression.

Cooperative federalism

The intertwined relationship between national

Progressive federalism

A pragmatic approach to federalism that views relations between national and state governments as both coercive and cooperative.

Categorical grants

Grants that appropriate federal funds to states for a specific purpose.

Great Society

Reform program begun in 1964 by President Lyndon B. Johnson that was a broad attempt to combat poverty and discrimination through urban renewal

Block grant

A large grant given to a state by the federal government with only general spending guidelines.

Fiscal Federalism

the pattern of spending