PharmChem 3 - Qualitative & Quantitative Analysis Flashcards

Flashcards covering key concepts from the PharmChem 3 lecture notes on Qualitative & Quantitative Analysis.

Qualitative Analysis

Reveals the identity of the sample elements and compounds in a sample; determines the presence or absence of a component.

Quantitative Analysis

Indicates the amount of each substance in the sample; provides the exact amount or proportion of a component.

Based on the Amount of Sample

What type of analysis is based on the amount of sample with these categories: Ultra-micro, Micro, Semimicro/Meso, and Macro?

Proximate Assay

What type of analysis for crude drugs refers to the total of class of plant principles (group of compounds)?

Ultimate Assay

What type of analysis for crude drugs refers to a single chemical species (specific component)?

Titration and Gravimetry

What are examples of chemical/general methods of analysis?

Random (Intermediate) Errors

What type of error is due to uncontrollable variables and affects measure of precision?

Systematic (Determinate) Errors

What type of error has a definite value, identifiable cause, and can lead to bias affecting accuracy?

Gross Errors

What type of error occurs occasionally, is often large, and may cause a result to be either high or low?

Average deviation, standard deviation, coefficient of variation, or range

What measurements are used to report precision?

Primary Standard

A substance of high degree of purity that is used in direct standardization purposes.

Process of determining the exact concentration of a solution.

What is the purpose of standardization?

Titrant

Reagent of known concentration.

Titrand

Sample being analyzed.

Indicators

Compounds capable of changing colors near or at the end point.

Equivalence Point

The theoretical point at which equivalent amounts of the analyte and titrant have reached.

End Point

The actual point at which equivalent amounts of the analyte and titrant have reacted, indicated by a physical change.

Titrant

What is another name for Volumetric solution?

%P = (N x V x MW)/ f x 1000 /Wt sample x 100

What is the formula for direct titration?

%P = (N1V1 – N2V2) x MW/ f x 1000/ Wt sample x 100

What is the formula for residual titration?

Acid-Base (Neutralization); Oxidation-Reduction (Redox); Complexation; Precipitation

Name 4 general classes of titrations based on reactions involved.

Acidimetry

Measurement of a base by a standard acid

Alkalimetry

Measurement of an acid by a standard base

For very weak acid or bases that require a nonpolar solvent.

Why is non-aqueous titration employed?

Eriochrome Black T (EBT), hydroxynaphthol blue (HNB), dithiozone (DT)

What is the indicator used for Compleximetry / Chelometry?

Triethanolamine, Thioglycols, CN, F- (NH4F)

Name some masking agents.

GF = MW sample/(MW ppt)

What is the formula for Gravimetric Factor (GF)?

For correction and to enhance the reliability of the end point.

Why is Blank Determination required?

Spectroscopy

Branch of science that studies the interaction between electromagnetic radiation and matter.

Chromophore

Functional group that absorbs maximum radiation in the UV or visible regions.

Wavelength (λ)

The distance between 2 identical adjacent point in a wave.

Frequency (v)

The number of cycles which pass a fixed point in space per second.

A = ℇ b c

What is the Beer-Lambert Law?

Quartz cuvette

What type of cell is required for UV or visible region of radiation?

Mass Spectrometry

What analytical method is used for analysis of gaseous ions?

NMR Spectroscopy

What instrumental mehtod is used for structure elucidation?

Chromatography

Procedure by which solutes are separated by a differential migration process in a system consisting of 2 or more phases.

Stationary Phase (SP), Mobile Phase (MP)

What are the two phases in Chromatography?

Rf = distance traveled by solute/ distance traveled by solvent front

In Thin Layer Chromatography, what is the formula of Retention Factor (Rf)?

Protein affinity chromatography

What is a practical application of Affinity Chromatography?

Acid Value

mg of KOH needed to neutralize free acids in 1g of sample.

Ester Value

mg of KOH needed to saponify the esters in 1g of sample.

Iodine Value

grams of iodine absorbed by 100g of sample.

Ash Content

Residue left after incineration of an organic material which represents the amount of inorganic impurity.

Moisture Content Determination

What is the Karl Fischer Titrimetry used for?

Nitrogen Content Determination

What is the Kjeldahl Method used for?