UCONN PNB 2264 Exam 1

Homeostasis

"Dynamic steady state" Narrow limits and fluctuations around the "set point"

% of Intracellular fluid in the body

67%

% of Extracellular fluid in the body

Interstitial fluid (26%) Blood Plasma (7%)

The Four Tissue Types

Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, Nervous

Epithelial Tissue

1. Covers exposed surfaces

2. Lines internal passageways

3. Forms glands

Hydrogen and Oxygen combine via:

Polar Covalent Bonds

Hydrogen's Importance to Life

- Is a solvent

- It Ionizes to form Electrolytes

- Has a high heat capacity

- Lubrication

- Cushioning

What does Hydrolysis do?

Reverses the steps of dehydration synthesis

Electrolytes

- Hydrogen (H+)

- Sodium (Na+)

- Potassium (K+)

- Chlorine (Cl-)

- Magnesium (Mg2+)

- Calcium (Ca2+)

Functions of Epithelial Tissue

- Protection

- Exchange

- Secretion

- Absorption

Characteristics of Epithelial Tissue

- Presence of CELL JUNCTIONS

- Polarity of the apical and basal surfaces

- Attachment of the Basal Lamina to the Basement Membrane

- Avascularity

- Regenerative

What is the purpose of the Basement Membrane?

Attaches epithelial tissue to connective tissue

Types of Intracellular Junctions:

- Desmosomes

- Hemidesmosomes

- Tight Junctions: No space

- Gap Junctions: Space

Desmosomes

Cell to CELL

Hemidesmosomes

Cell to BASEMENT MEMBRANE

Epithelium by LAYERS

- Simple

- Stratified

Epithelium by SHAPES

- Squamos

- Cuboidal

- Columnar

Connective Tissue is made up of:

- Cells

- Non-living extracellular matrix

Functions of Connective Tissue

- Binding

- Support

- Protection

- Insulation

Connective Tissue consists of specialized cells:

- Fibroblasts: Make fibers

- Chondroblasts: Cartilage

- Osteoblasts: Bone

Matrix determines function and is made up of:

- Protein Fibers

- Polysaccharide ground substance

Types of Fibers

- Collagenous

- Elastic

- Reticular

Collagenous Fibers

(Collagen) Stable, triple helix, High tensile strength

Elastic Fibers

(Elastin) Random coils, extensibility

Reticular Fibers

(Reticulin=TypeIII Collagen) Supports individual cells of different organs, delicate network

Ground Substance is made of:

- Interstitial fluid

- Adhesion proteins

- Proteoglycans "GAGs"

Areolar Connective Tissue

(Loose Connective Tissue) "Filler" loose meshwork with all three types of fibers

Adipose (Fat) Tissue

(Loose Connective Tissue)

Reticular Connective Tissue

(Loose Connective Tissue)

Dense Regular Connective Tissue

(Dense) Makes up ligaments and tendons

Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

(Dense) Makes up dermis of skin

Cartilage

(Supportive Connective Tissue) (Semi-solid matrix)

Chondroblasts

Produce matrix

Chondrocytes

Mature cartilage cells, located in lacunae

Hyaline Cartilage

Lots of dense, fine collagen. Strong, flexible, and smooth and reduces friction in joints

Fibrocartilage

Collagen, some elastic fibers. EX. Intervertebral disks, resists compression

Two components of Bone

- Organic (protein) = Osteoid 1/3 bone mass, collagen, property: resists stretch, tensile strength

- Inorganic (mineral) calcium phosphate reacts with calcium hydroxide to form hydroxyapatite, property: Resists compression

Osteoblasts

builds bone

Osteocytes

Mature bone cells

Osteoclasts

break down bone

Functions of Bone

Support, Protection, Allows for Movement, Storage depot for Ca and Phosphorus salts, Hemopoiesis (blood forming)

Classes of Bones

- Long Bones

- Short Bones

- Flat Bones

- Irregular Bones

- Sesamoid Bones

Diaphysis

SHAFT of long bone (hehehehe)

Metaphysis

M for Middle, as in, in between the Diaphysis and Epiphysis

Epiphysis

End of long bone

Epiphyseal Disk/Line

"growth plate" between epiphysis and metaphysis of long bone

Endosteum

Inner covering of bone (faces marrow)

Periosteum

Outer covering of bone

Volkmann's canals

holes that allow movement of blood vessels through compact bone

Components of Bone:

- Compact bone

- Spongy bone

Unit of Compact bone:

Haversian System (Osteon)

Trabeculae

"struts" of the Spongy bone

Types of Bone Formation (Ossification)

- Intramembranous

- Endochondral

Intramembranous Ossification

Bone forms on connective tissue membrane patterns

Endochondral Ossification

Bone forms on cartilage models

Bone Growth

As long as Hyaline Cartilage exists at the epiphyseal plate, bone growth can occur. Cartilage proliferation occurs on the epiphyseal side of of the epiphyseal disk. OSSIFICATION occurs on the diaphyseal side

Appositional Growth

growing in width

Wolff's Law

Mechanical stress strengthens bone

Calcitonin

promotes calcium deposition in bone and inhibits osteoclasts (reduces blood calcium levels)

PTH (Parathyroid Hormone)

increases blood calcium levels by encouraging the resorption by osteclasts

Different Types of Joints:

- Fibrous Joints: articulate with CT fibers

- Cartilaginous Joints

- Synovial Joints

Joint Classification by Function:

- Synarthrosis: Immovable

- Amphiarthrosis: Slightly movable

- Diarthrosis: Freely movable

Types of Fibrous Joints:

- Suture

- Syndesmosis

- Gomphosis: Tooth

Sutures

Synarthrosis EX. skull bones

Syndesmosis

Slight-give EX. distal tibio-fibular

Types of Cartilaginous Joints:

- Synchondrosis: Contains hyaline

- Symphysis: Contains fibrocartilage

Synchondrosis

IMMOVABLE, hyaline connects bones, EX. growing long bones

Symphysis

Slight movement, EX. vertebrae

Synovial Joints

Freely movable, characterized by a cavity filled with synovial fluid

Anatomy of Synovial Joints

- Articular cartilage

- Articular capsule

- Joint cavity

- Synovial membrane

- Synovial fluid

- Bursa: "Pillow"

- Tendon Sheath

Types of Synovial Joints:

- Hinge (monoaxial)

- Pivot (monoaxial)

- Condyloid (biaxial)

- Saddle (biaxial)

- Ball & Socket (multiaxial)

- Gliding (nonaxial)

Atlanto-Occipital joint

between occipital bone and C1-Atlas, double condyloid joint

Atlanto-Axial joint

between Atlas and Axis. combined gliding/pivoting joint

What kind of joint between vertebral bodies

Symphyses

What kind of joint between vertebral arches

Gliding

Costovertebral Joint

Ribs to Spine, 2 joints (both gliding) Head of the rib to the vertebral body, Tubercle of the rib to the transverse process

Sternocostal Joint

Ribs to Sternum, First joint is a synchondrosis, the rest are Gliding