Cellular Respiration and DNA Replication

These flashcards cover key concepts related to cellular respiration and DNA replication, including processes, definitions, and important enzymes.

Cellular Respiration

The process of mitochondria using sugar and oxygen to create ATP.

Aerobic Process

A process that uses oxygen gas and produces a large amount of ATP.

Anaerobic Process

A process that does not use oxygen and produces a small amount of ATP.

Alcoholic Fermentation

A type of anaerobic respiration that occurs in bacteria and yeast; produces ethyl alcohol, carbon dioxide, and 2 ATP.

Lactic Acid Fermentation

A type of anaerobic respiration that occurs in muscle cells; produces lactic acid, carbon dioxide, and 2 ATP.

ATP (Adenosine TriPhosphate)

The molecule used to store energy in easy-to-break chemical bonds.

Nitrogen Bases

The four types of bases in DNA: Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, and Guanine.

Purines

A category of nitrogen bases that includes Adenine and Guanine.

Pyrimidines

A category of nitrogen bases that includes Cytosine and Thymine.

Base Pairs

The pairs of nitrogen bases that bond in DNA: A-T and C-G.

Hydrogen Bonds

Weak bonds that allow DNA to separate easily during replication.

DNA Replication

The process of duplicating DNA, creating two complementary strands.

Template Strand

The original DNA strand that is split during replication.

DNA Helicase

An enzyme that unwinds the DNA double helix during replication.

DNA Polymerase

An enzyme that reads the original DNA strand and assembles the new complementary strand.

Ligase

An enzyme that stitches together individual pieces of DNA during replication.

ADP (Adenosine Diphosphate)

The molecule left after ATP releases a phosphate group to release energy.

Phosphate Groups

The parts of ATP that store energy in their bonds.

Chemical Energy

Energy from food that is transferred to ATP for cellular processes.

Energy Transfer

The process by which chemical energy converts to usable energy in cells.

S Phase of Interphase

The phase during cell division when DNA replication occurs.