Anatomy and Cell Biology Vocabulary

Vocabulary flashcards covering body regions, anatomical planes, cell organelle structures and functions, and the cell cycle stages of mitosis and meiosis based on the transcript.

Transverse plane

A anatomical plane that divides the body into superior and inferior parts.

Frontal plane

An anatomical plane (also known as the coronal plane) that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts.

Sagittal plane

An anatomical plane that divides the body into right and left parts.

Lateral

An anatomical direction describing a structure located further away from the midline of the body.

Medial

An anatomical direction describing a structure located closer to the midline of the body.

Superficial

An anatomical term referring to a structure closer to the outer surface of the body.

Deep

An anatomical term referring to a structure further inward from the outer surface of the body.

Total magnification

The overall magnification achieved by multiplying the objective lens power by the eyepiece magnification power (e.g., an objective lens of $40\times$ multiplied by an eyepiece of $10\times$ yields a total magnification of $400\times$).

Proximal

An anatomical directional term describing a position along a limb closer to the trunk or joint point of origin.

Distal

An anatomical directional term describing a position along a limb further away from the trunk of the body.

Popliteal

Anatomical region referring to the posterior (back) side of the knee.

Patellar

Anatomical region referring to the anterior (front) side of the knee.

Crural

Anatomical region referring to the front of the leg.

Plantar

Anatomical region referring to the bottom surface of the foot.

Peroneal

Anatomical region referring to the lateral side of the leg.

Pedal

General anatomical term referring to the foot.

Carpals

Anatomical term referring specifically to the wrist region.

Antebrachial

Anatomical region referring to the forearm, situated between the hand/wrist and the elbow.

Brachial

Anatomical region referring to the upper arm.

Antecubital

Anatomical region referring to the front of the elbow.

Nucleus

The cellular organelle that contains genetic material (DNA) wrapped in chromatin.

Chromatin

The condensed combination of DNA and histone proteins located inside the nucleus.

Nucleolus

A dense structure within the nucleus whose primary function is to produce ribosomes.

Ribosomes

Protein complexes that synthesize proteins within the cell.

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

A folded membranous organelle studded with ribosomes that synthesizes, packages, and transports proteins.

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

An endoplasmic reticulum organelle lacking ribosomes that functions primarily in lipid synthesis.

Golgi apparatus

An organelle (also known as Golgi body) that packages, modifies, and delivers synthesized cellular products.

Lysosome

A organelle that serves as part of the cell's cleanup crew by destroying damaged organelles and unwanted cellular material.

Peroxisome

A cellular organelle involved in cellular cleanup and detoxification, abundant in organs like the liver.

Mitochondria

The double-membrane organelle responsible for producing ATP energy for the cell.

Microvilli

Small projections on the surface of the cell membrane that serve to increase cellular surface area.

Centrioles

Organelles that form mitotic spindles to facilitate chromosome separation during cell division.

Flagellum

A long, tail-like cellular projection found on sperm cells that provides mobility.

Cilia

Hair-like cellular projections that help move substances across the cell surface, such as mucus in the respiratory system.

Red blood cells

Anucleate cells produced in bone marrow that live about $120\text{ days}$ and do not undergo mitosis.

Interphase

The preparation phase before mitosis during which the cell grows, synthesizes DNA, and conducts final cellular checks.

Prophase

The initial phase of mitosis characterized by the disintegration of the nuclear membrane.

Metaphase

The phase of mitosis in which chromosomes align along the middle (equator) of the cell.

Anaphase

The phase of mitosis during which sister chromatids/chromosomes are pulled apart toward opposite poles of the cell.

Telophase

The final stage of mitosis marked by the formation of two distinct sets of chromosomes at opposite ends, preparing to complete division.

Cytokinesis

The process of physical cytoplasm division resulting in two separate daughter cells.

Cleavage furrow

An indentation that pinches the cell membrane during cytokinesis to separate the cytoplasm into two cells.

Mitosis

Cell division process that yields two identical diploid daughter cells, each containing $46\text{ chromosomes}$.

Meiosis

Cell division process that forms four non-identical haploid sex cells (gametes), each containing $23\text{ chromosomes}$.

Diploid

Cells containing a complete set of $46\text{ chromosomes}$ produced through mitosis.

Haploid

Sex cells (gametes) containing a half set of $23\text{ chromosomes}$ produced through meiosis.