Medical Terminology - CH7

Endocrinology

what are the 7 endocrine glands that are the main signal senders?

1. hypothalamus

2. pituitary

3. thyroid

4. parathyroid

5. adrenal

6. pancreas

7. gonads (ovaries/testes)

hypothalamus links what?

the glands to the nervous system

what does the hypothalamus do? (outside of linking)

direct pituitary gland activity

what do the 2 parts of the pituitary gland do?

1. anterior - origin of hormones - stimulates thyroid, adrenal, and gonads

2. posterior

what does the thyroid gland do?

makes T3 and T4 hormones that affect metabolism and calcium

what does the parathyroid gland do?

makes hormone to control blood’s calcium level

what does the pancreas do? (in regards to endocrine system)

sends hormones that level blood sugar

what does the pancreas do? (as a gastrointestinal organ)

secretes enzymes that help with digestion

what does the adrenal gland do?

makes adrenaline, keeps blood mineral levels balanced, maintains proper water/salt balance, keeps blood sugars level, and responds to inflammation

what do female gonads do?

produce estrogen

what do male gonads do?

produce testosterone

aden/o

gland

adren/o, adrenal/o

adrenal gland

cortic/o

outer surface

gonad/o

gonads (sex organ)

pancreat/o

pancreas

pituitar/o, hypophys/o

pituitary gland

thym/o

thymus

thyr/o, thryroid/o

thyroid

gluc/o, glucos/o, glyc/o

sugar

crin/o

to secrete

which hormone from the pituitary gland stimulates the adrenal gland?

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

which hormone from the pituitary gland stimulates the thyroid gland?

thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

which hormone from the pituitary gland stimulates the gonads?

luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

what do the hormones T3 and T4 from the thyroid do?

affect body’s metabolism

what does the hormone calcitonin from the thyroid do?

encourages the uptake of calcium in the blood into the bone - keeps calcium from getting too high

what does the parathyroid hormone from the parathyroid do?

opposite of calcitonin - keeps calcium from getting to low

what does the pancreas do?

creates insulin to decrease blood sugar and glucagon to increase blood sugar

what does the inner part of the adrenal gland do?

create epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine

what does the outer part of the adrenal gland do?

releases 2 corticosteroids - mineralocorticoids (mineral balance) and glucocorticoids (sugar balance)

what do the gonads do?

releases sex hormones - testosterone and estrogen

hormon/o

hormone

ket/o

ketone body (toxic chemicals that build up when there isn’t enough insulin)

-tropin

stimulating hormone

-emia

blood condition

-uria

urine condition

adenalgia

pain in a gland

adrenal virilism

development of male secondary sexual characteristics caused by excessive adrenal gland secretions (premature puberty)

adrenarche

beginning of adrenal secretion (puberty)

-arche

beginning

hirsutism

excessive growth of facial/body hair in women

amenorrhea

lack of menstrual flow

gynecomastia

development of breast tissue in males

mast/o, thel/o

breast

gynec/o

woman

viril/o

men

hypergonadism

excessive secretion of sex glands

hypogonadism

undersecretion of sex glands

menarche

first menstruation

thelarche

beginning of breast development

hypoglycemic

low blood sugar

pancreatalgia

pain in pancreas

polydipsia

excessive thirst

polyphagia

excessive eating

polyuria

excessive urination

acromegaly

abnormal enlargement of the extremities

galactorrhea

discharge of milk

pituitary dwarfism

abnormally short height caused by undersecretion of growth hormone

pituitary gigantism

abnormally tall height caused by oversecretion of growth hormone

exophthalmos

protrusion of eyes out of eye socket

goiter

swollen thyroid gland

thyrocele

another name for goiter (swollen thryoid)

thyromegaly

enlargement of thyroid

thyroptosis

downward displacement (drooping) of thyroid

-tropin

stimulating (“turn on”)

acidemia

abnormal acidity of the blood

alkalemia

abnormal alkalinity of the blood

calciuria

calcium in the urine

chloremia

increased chloride in the blood

euglycemia

good blood sugar

glucosuria

sugar in the urine

hypercalcermia

excessive calcium in the blood

hypercholestrolemia

excessive cholesterol in the blood

hyperglycemia

high blood sugar

hyperkalemia

excessive potassium in the blood

hyperlipidemia

excessive fat in the blood

hypernatremia

excessive sodium in the blood

hyperphosphatemia

excessive phosphate in the blood

hypoglycemia

low blood sugar

ketonuria

ketone bodies in the urine

polyuria

excessive urination

uremia

presence of urinary waste in blood

adrenaline

hormone secreted by adrenal gland

epinephrine

hormone secreted by the adrenal gland (aka adrenaline)

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

hormone secreted by pituitary gland that stimulates the cortex of the adrenal gland

corticotropin

shorter name for (ACTH)

glucagon

hormone secreted by pancrease

glucocorticoid

hormone produced by adrenal cortex with a role in carbohydrate metabolism

gonadotropin

hormone that stimulates the gonads

isulin

hormone secreted by the pancreas that controls the metabolism and uptake of sugar/fats

thryotropin

hormone that stimulates the thyroid

adenomegaly

abnormal enlargement of a gland

adrenomegaly

abnormal enlargement of the adrenal gland

euthyroid

normal functioning thyroid

gluconeogenesis

formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources

glycolysis

breakdown of sugar

gonadogenesis

creation/development of gonads

metabolism

breakdown of matter into energy

endocrine

secrete internally (into the bloodstream)

endocrinologist

specialist in internal secretions