Lesson 1- Introduction to Pharmacology and Principles of Drug Administration
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47 Terms
How did drugs originate?
Started from discovering that foods they ate made them feel better
Ex. White willow reduces fever because it has aspirin in it
what are enzymes composed of? What do they do?
made of proteins
Break protein molecules apart along with many other functions throughout the body
What are spices? What are they used for?
often used on food to provide flavor but are important because they can have biological impacts on the body or can impede the therapeutic effects of drugs
flavorings until they learned, like food, that some made them feel better too
Became the first medications
what are the problems with treating problems with spices/supplements? (5)
Interactions are unknown
Too much of anything is damaging
Not enough research yet
Cumulative effect
They are not FDA approved for their advertised medicinal purposes
They should be used sparingly
What is food?
consumable items used to provide nutrition and calories for energy to the individual
What is a herb?
plants grown for purposes of healing or seasoning food to make it taste better; they also have soft stems
What is a drug?
a broad term for chemical compounds that have been found to produce biological responses within the body. The responses can be desired or undesirable.
What is pharmacology?
the study of medicine or drugs and how they impact one’s health
What is pharmacotherapeutics?
the process of utilizing drugs in order to achieve a desired health outcome (alleviate suffering and/or treating disease)
What is pharmacognosy?
the study of medicinal drugs which come from natural occurring substances (ex. Branch, root, leaves)
what is pharmacogenetics?
the study of how one’s genetic sequence impacts an individual’s response to drugs
What is dispensed at an apothecary?
supplements
what is pharmacy?
The practice of compounding and dispensing medical preparations (drugs)
What is pharmacodynamics?
the study of how the body responds to certain drugs
(ex. Therapeutic effects, toxicity, side effects)
What is pharmacokinetics?
The study of how the body handles drugs from the time they enter the body to the time they exit the body
Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism
Excretion
What is absorption?
the process of the drug moving across the body’s membranes to begin its action
What is distribution?
the process of the drug being transported around the body after absorption has occurred
What is metabolism?
the total of all of the biochemical reactions in the body that allow the body to utilize the drug
What is excretion?
the process of removing substances from the body
What is the bioavailability of a drug?
the ability of the drug to enter the bloodstream and the tissues it targets
What is drug affinity?
the attraction between chemicals within the drug that allows certain molecules to combine and form complexes with one another
What is protein binding of a drug?
when a drug has been made unavailable for distribution to body tissues due to the reversible binding of the drug to a plasma protein
What is plasma half-life?
the length of time required for the concentration of the drug within the plasma to decrease by half the amount of the drug in the plasma after administration occurred
What is a contraindication?
situations in which giving a drug would do more harm than good
What is a side effect?
a non-therapeutic or unintended reaction to a drug (can be beneficial, neutral, or harmful)
What is an adverse reaction?
an unfavorable reaction to a drug
what is pharmacoeconomics?
problems dealing with the costs of medications
What is the chemical name of a medication?
a strict chemical nomenclature system used for naming drugs
What is the generic name of a medication?
a non-registered or protected name of drug given by the government
What is the trade name of a medication?
the name given to the drug by the manufacturer- AKA brand name or product name
What is the biologic name of a medication?
the name given to a drug based off of the biological component used to make it
What is the biosimilar name of a medication?i
the name given to medications that are chemically similar to those biologic drugs which are already approved
What is a vaccine?
biologic material that provides protection against infection by using particles of a microorganism in order to stimulate the immune system to build recognition and thus immunity to the specific microorganism
What is an inhibitor drug?
a drug that works to reduce a biological response in the body
What is a stimulator drug?
a drug that works to improve the functioning of a biological response in the body
What is a receptor agonist?
a drug that is capable of binding with certain receptors around the body to induce a specific cellular response
What is a receptor antagonist?
a drug that blocks the receptor a drug is supposed to bind to thus blocking the response of another drug
What is a receptor partial agonist?
a drug that produces a weaker or less effective response than a receptor agonist
What is the therapeutic class of a drug?
a system of organizing drugs based on their effectiveness in treating particular diseases/disorders
What is the pharmacological class of a drug?
a system of organizing drugs based on their mechanisms of action
What is the FDA? What do they do?
Food and Drug Administration- an association that checks drugs and food products for their safety and effectiveness through rigorous testing protocols
What is the CDC?
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
What are biologic medications?
substances that are synthesized by cells of the human body, animal cells, or microorganisms which produce biological responses within the body
What are biosimilar medications?
medications that have been chemically synthesized very similarly to biologic medications already certified by the FDA
What are the pregnancy categories of medications? What do they do?
ABCDX
classify medications according to the risks that they would pose to a pregnant individual
Describe the pregnancy categories
A- considered safe for pregnancy in any trimester
B- no adequate or well controlled studies in pregnant women or studies that have been done show no
risk present in humans but animal studies have shown a possible risk
C- animal studies have shown an adverse effect without adequate human studies or not enough studies
have been done at all
D- studies have shown a risk to the fetus but the therapeutic effects may outweigh the risk for harm in
certain life-threatening circumstances
X- no indication for use during pregnancy; fetal harm has been proven to be a high risk with these medications
What are the controlled substance schedules? What do they do?