Human Population and Demographics

Gross Domestic Product per Capita

the total value of a nation's goods and services divided by its population

Life Expectancy

The average number of years an individual can be expected to live, given current social, economic, and medical conditions. Life expectancy at birth is the average number of years a newborn infant can expect to live.

Total Fertility Rate

The average number of children born to a woman during her childbearing years.

Replacement Level

The population level necessary to assure the population continues to replace itself

Emigration

Migration from a location

Immigration

Migration to a new location

Demographic Transition Model

A sequence of demographic changes in which a country moves from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates through time.

Pronatalist Forces

Factors that increase the likeliness of a couple to have children.

Antinatalist Forces

policies or practices that discourage people from having children

What density-dependent growth limiting factors kept the human population relatively low prior to the advent of agriculture?

Food availability, competition, and disease

What biodiverse geographic area is considered the birthplace of agriculture?

Fertile crescent

Germ Theory

the idea that microscopic bacteria and viruses cause disease.

Vaccines

injections of dead or weakened viruses that prevent disease.

Antibiotics

chemical compounds that kill bacteria.

Water treatment

the filtration and addition of chlorine to water to remove microorganisms and toxins.

What is the equation for doubling time?

70/growth rate

The current human population growth rate is 1.12% per year. At this rate, how many years will it take for our population to double in size?

6,250

Most of the current human population growth is found in ( developed / developing ) countries.

developing

What factor that most affects life expectancy?

the rate of diseases, availability of food and water, conflict, but most of all by infant mortality.

What fertility rate will result in a stable (not growing or shrinking) population?

2.1

What is an example of a factor that the Genuine Progress Indicator (GPI) takes into account that GDP per capita does not?

Income inequality

Costs of environmental degradation

Social factors, such as education, leisure time, family dynamics

What density-dependent growth-limiting factors were faced by humans during the hunter-gatherer period?

Competition for food, availability of water, predators, disease.

The Fertile Crescent was an especially biodiverse area. Explain each of these reasons why.

It was A "bridge" between two continents, proximity to Mediterranean Sea, variety in elevation, floodplain.

What was the role of artificial selection?

To breed native animals and plants with desired traits into crops

What impact did agriculture agriculture have on the human population?

Human population began to increase

What growth-limiting factors were removed by agriculture?

Reduced the impact of food availability, and competition.

What change took place during the industrial revolution?

Transition from hand production methods to machines

Medical discoveries made during the industrial revolution.

Germ theory-Microscopic bacteria and viruses cause disease, vaccines,antibiotics-Chemical compounds that kill bacteria, and water treatment

Developing countries tend to be:

Younger, poorer, and growing

Developed countries tend to be:

Older, wealthier, and shrinking

What are demographics?

The statistical study of human population data

Demographic variables

Life expectancy, total fertility rate, and replacement level

Life expectancy

How long an average newborn will live in a given country.

Total fertility rate

The average number of children a woman will have in her lifetime

Replacement level

A total fertility rate of 2.1

What is GDP per capita?

Divides the GDP by the total population

What factors does the Genuine Progress Indicator (GPI) include?

Income inequality, costs of environmental degradation, social factors such as education and leisure time, family dynamics

Emigration

When people move out of an area

Immigration

When people move into an area

What two variables are displayed in a population pyramid?

Age groups and gender

What is the demographic transition model?

A series of stages countries generally pass through as they industrialize and transition from developing to developed countries

What changes occur during the stages of the demographic transition model?

Changes in birth rate, death rate, living conditions, and cultural norms

Pre-industrial countries have many pronatalist pressures. Describe each.

A source of support for elderly parents, aid in supporting family income, counteracting high child mortality rates, the son preferance

What changes in the early transition stage cause the population to grow so fast?

Access to food and medicine makes death rates drop.

What efforts take place in the late transitional stage to slow down population growth?

Birth control and sex education, woman play a greater role in family planning, educational and professional opportunities for women increase

The length of time a country spends in the_______ and ________ stages determines how large its populations will grow.

Early; late

What is an antinatalist policy?

Laws to rapidly reduce birth rates and accelerate the demographic transition; EX. China implimented a one-child policy

What are the low, medium, and high population size projections?

Low:7.5, Medium: 11.5, High:17