IS 300

Digital firm

nearly all of the organization's significant business relationships with customers, suppliers, and employees are digitally enabled and mediated

Business processes

the set of logically related tasks and behaviors and that organizations develop over time to produce specific business results and the unique manner in which these activities are organized and coordinated

Key corporate assets

IP, core competencies, and financial and human assets

Time shifting

business being conducted continuousl

Space shifting

work takes place in a global workshop

Business models

describes how a company produces, delivers, and sells a product or service to create wealth

Information technology

all the hardware and software that a firm needs to use in order to achieve its business objectives

Information systems

set of interrelated components that collect (or retrieve), process, store and distribute information to support decision making and control in an organization

Input

captures or collect raw data from within the organization or form its external environment

Processing

converts this raw input into a meaningful form

Output

transfers the processed information to the people who will use it or the activities for which it will be used

Feedback

output that is returned to appropriate members of the organization to help them evaluate or correct the input stage

Senior management

makes long-range strategic decisions about products and services as well as ensures financial performance of the firm

Middle management

carries out the programs and plans of senior management

Operation management

responsible for monitoring the daily activities of the business

Knowledge worker

create new knowledge for the firm

Data workers

assist with scheduling and communication at all levels of the firm

Production or service workers

actually produce the product and deliver the service

Network

links two or more computers to share data or resources, such as a printer

Intranets

internal corporate networks based on internet technologies

Extranets

private intranets extended to authorize outside the organizations

Information technology (IT) infrastructure

provides the foundation, or platform, on which the firm can build its specific information systems

Complementary assets

assets required to derive value from a primary investment (organizational assets, managerial assets, social assets)

What are the strategic business objectives of IT?

1. operational excellence

2. new products, services, and business models

3. customer and supplier intimacy

4. improved decision making

5. competitive advantage

6. survival

organizational assets

appropriate business model and efficent business processes

managerial assets

incentives for management innovation and teamwork/collaborate work enviorments

social assets

the internet and telecommunication infrastructure, technology standards

middle management

scientists and knowledge workers

operational managemetn

production and service workers + data workers

manufacturing and production

• assembling the product

• checking for quality

• production bills of materials

sales and marketing

• identifying customers

• making customers aware of the product

• selling the product

finance and accounting

• paying creditors

• creating financial statements

• managing cash accounts

human resources

• hiring employees

• evaluating employees’ job performance

• enrolling employees in benefits plans

connection view

1970-1995 + IT as a tool

immersion view

1970-1995 + IT as environment

Fusion View

2024-xx + IT as a fabric

business processes

Collection of activities required to produce a product or service

Transaction processing systems (TPS)

provides information about sales, receipts, cash deposits, payroll, credit decisions and the flow of materials in a factory for operational managers

Business intelligence

a contemporary term for data and software tools for organizing; analyzing, and providing access to data to help manager and other enterprise users make more informed decisions

Management information system

designates a specific category of information systems serving middle management

Decision-support systems

focus on problems that are unique and rapidly changing, for which the procedure for arrive

Executive support systems (ESS)

• help senior management make these decisions (dashboard)

  • Address non routine decisions requiring judgement, evaluation, and insight because there is no agreed on procedure for arriving at a solution

Enterprise applications

systems that span functional areas, focus on executing

• Integrate data from key business process into single system

• Speed communication of information throughout firm

• Enable greater flexibility in responding the customer requests, greater accuracy in order fulfillment 

• Enable manager to assemble overall view of operations

Supply chain management (SCM)

Supply chain management systems firms use SCM to help manage relationship with their suppliers

Customer relationship management (CRM)

help manage their relationship with customers

Electronic business

use of digital technology and the internet to execute the major business processes in the enterprise

E-government

application of the internet and networking technologies to digitally enable government and public sector agencies’ relationship with citizens, businesses, and other arms of government

Collaboration Requirements

Collab capability, collab technology = collab quality —> frim performance

HTML

hypertext markup language

what is a website structure

boxes, trees (body, section, container, grid, div), styles, classes

Non Obvious relationship awareness

• gives government and private sector profiling capabilities 

  • Information from disparate sources, such as employment applications, telephone records, customer listings, and wanted lists to identify criminals 

Privacy shield agreements

more enforceable version of earlier safe harbor agreements

Fair information practices

• takes into account new privacy-invading technology 

  • Needs notice, consent, access, security, and enforcement

General data protection regulation

applied to all firms and organizations in the EU

Cookies

• small text files deposited on a computer hard drive when a user visits a website 

  • Track visits

  • When the visitor returns to a site that has stored a cookie, the website software searches the visitor’s computer, finds the cookie, and knows what that person has done in the past

Web beacons

tiny software programs that keep a record of users' online clickstreams

Opt-out

model of informed consent permits the collection of personal information

Opt-in

business is prohibited from collecting unless consumer takes action to approve collection

bit

represents the smallest unit of data a computer can handle

Byte

a group of bits, single character (letter, number, symbols)

Field

grouping characters into a work, etc

Record

group of related fields such as a student’s name

Fil

group of records

Entity

person, place, thing, event

attribute

characteristics or quality describing an entity

Data redundancy

presence of duplicate data in multiple data files so that the same sata are stored in more than one place or location

Data inconsistency

created by data redundancy wasting storage

Program-data dependence

coupling of data stored in files and the specific programs required to update and maintain those files such that changes in programs require changes to the data

Database management system

software that enables an organization to centralize data, manage them efficiently, and provide access to the stored data by application programs

Normalization

creating, small, stable, flexible, and adaptive data structures from complex groups of data

Referential integrity

rules to ensure that relationships between coupled tables remain consistent

Entity-relationship diagram:

• database designers document their data model in this

• Non Relational database management system uses a more flexible data model and are designed for managing large data sets across many distributed machines and for easily scaling up or down

distributed database

stored in multiple physical locations

Blockchain

distributed database technology that enables firms and organizations to create and verify transactions of a networks nearly instantaneously without a central authority

enterprise systems

build around thousands of predefined business processes that reflect best practices

Upstream

Suppliers

Downstream

distributing to customers

Just in time strategy

if manufacturer had perfect information about exactly how many units of products customers wanted

Bullwhip effect

information about the demand for a product gets distorted as it passes from one entity to the next across the supply chain

Supply chain planning systems

enable the firm to model its existing supply chain, generate demand forecasts for products, and develop optimal sourcing and manufacturing plans

Demand planning

determines how much product a business needs to make to satisfy all its customers’ demands

Supply chain execution systems

manage the flow of products through distribution center and warehouses to ensure that products are delivered to the right location efficiently

Pushed-based model

production master schedules are based on forecast of demand

Pull-based model

demand driver, when actual customers order it triggers events in supply

Touch point

• method of interaction with the customers

  • Ex. telephone, email, social media

Sales force automation

helps sales staff increase productivity by focusing sales efforts on the most profitable customers, those who are good candidates for sales and services

Cross-selling

marketing of complementary products to customers

Operational CRM

customer-facing applications like sales force automation

Analytical CRM

applications that analyze the customer data generated by operation CRM to provide information for improving business performance

Churn rate

number of customers who stop using or purchasing products or services from a company

major types of e-commerce

B2C, B2B, C2C

e-commerce business models include

e-tailer, transaction broker, market creator, content provider, community provider, portal

e-ccomerce revenue models include

advertising, sales, subscription, free/freemiumn, transaction fee, affiliate

ubiquity

Available just about everywhere all the time

Market entry cost

the cost merchants must pay simply to bring their goods to markets

Search cost

reduced) the effort required to find suitable products

Information density

the total amount and quality of information available to all market participants, consumers, and merchants alike

Price discrimination

selling the same goods, or nearly the same, to different target groups at different prices

Information asymmetry

one party in transaction has more information that is important for the transaction than the other party