LEC 10

What are somatic senses?

touch

• LIGHT

• VIBRATION

temp

• HEAT

• COLD

pressure

pain

What are pro prio ceptors?

RECEPTORS in:

tendons

muscles

joints

_________________________

DETECT:

body position

movement

force

Proprioceptors to her chiropractor:

B_tch Please, MORE FORCE when you crack. I have TMJ

How is proprioception tested?

Patient closes eyes and identifies LIMB POSISION (e.g., finger up or down)

Are somatic senses and proprioception special senses?

No, they are not special senses

What are the 3 connective tissue layers of a peripheral nerve?

1. Endoneurium

2. Perineurium

3. Epineurium

What can a cervical spinal cord injury cause?

Quadriplegia (paralysis of arms and legs)

What can a thoracic spinal cord injury cause?

Paraplegia (paralysis of legs only)

What nerve is used for childbirth nerve block instead of epidural?

Puden dal nerve

Puddin Doll

What is a pudendal nerve block called?

Saddle block

What nerve controls the diaphragm?

Phrenic nerve

What happens if the phrenic nerve is cut?

Inability to breathe without mechanical assistance

What is the major nerve group of the upper limb?

Brachial plexus

How can the brachial plexus be damaged?

Pressure from crutches in the armpit compressing the nerves

What is the main nerve of the anterior forearm and palm?

Median nerve

What happens with median nerve damage?

Carpal tunnel syndrome; “ape hand” or “hand of benediction”

What nerve supplies adductor muscles of the thigh?

Obturator nerve

What is the main nerve of the anterior thigh?

Femoral nerve

Where does the sacral plexus originate?

L4–S5

What nerve supplies the posterior thigh?

Sciatic nerve

What is sciatica?

Pain from irritation of the sciatic nerve

What causes piriformis syndrome?

Piriformis muscle compresses the sciatic nerve

What is another cause of sciatica?

Herniated lumbar disc

Which nerves branch from the sciatic nerve?

Tibial and fibular nerves

What do tibial and fibular nerves supply?

Leg and foot

What does the superficial fibular nerve supply?

Lateral leg (peroneal muscles)

What does the deep fibular nerve supply?

Anterior leg muscles

What nerve injury causes foot drop?

Deep fibular nerve injury

What is foot drop?

Inability to dorsiflex the foot (foot slaps during walking)

What is median nerve injury called?

Carpal tunnel syndrome; ape hand; hand of benediction

What is ulnar nerve injury called?

Claw hand

What is radial nerve injury called?

Wrist drop

What are the 3 types of somatic nervous system components?

Sensory neurons, reflex arcs, and motor neurons

What are the two types of somatic motor neurons?

Upper motor neurons and lower motor neurons

What are ANS neurons called?

Visceral motor neurons

What tissues does the ANS innervate?

Smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands

What is the function of the ANS?

blood flow

digestion

secretion

pee

poo

Do we have voluntary control over the ANS?

No

What is another name for the ANS?

General visceral motor system

What neurons make up the ANS?

Only motor neurons

How does ANS differ structurally from PNS?

ANS uses two-neuron chain; PNS uses one motor neuron

What is the autonomic ganglion?

Where pre- and post-ganglionic neurons synapse

What is a preganglionic neuron? (where did he cone from where did he go?)

Neuron from CNS to autonomic ganglion

What is a postganglionic neuron? (where did he come from where did he go)

Neuron from ganglion to target organ

Where are preganglionic cell bodies located?

Anterior horn of spinal cord gray matter

What are ANS motor unit characteristics?

variable myelination

thin axons —> SLOWW conduction

two neurons (pre and post ganglionic neurons)

What does the sympathetic nervous system do to heart rate?

Increases heart rate

What does the sympathetic system do to metabolism?

Increases metabolic activity and blood glucose

What does sympathetic do to peristalsis?

Decreases peristalsis

What does the sympathetic division do to bronchioles?

Dilates

What does sympathetic division do to skin blood flow?

Decreases blood flow

What does sympathetic do to sweat?

innervates sweat glands to increase sweating

Are sympathetic preganglionic axons long or short?

Short

Are sympathetic postganglionic axons long or short?

Long

Where are sympathetic ganglia located?

Close to vertebral column

Are parasympathetic preganglionic axons long or short?

Long

Are parasympathetic postganglionic axons long or short?

Short

Where are parasympathetic ganglia located?

Close to target organs

What does the parasympathetic system do to heart rate?

Decreases heart rate

What does the parasympathetic system do to metabolism?

Decreases metabolic activity

What does parasympathetic division do to peristalsis?

Increases peristalsis

What does parasympathetic division do to bronchioles?

Constriction

What does the parasympathetic division do to skin blood flow?

Increases

What does parasympathetic division do to sweat?

No effect on sweating

What nerve provides most parasympathetic output from the head?

Vagus nerve (CN X)