Architectural Appreciation Final Exam Review - W. Briar Jones

What does Architecture Respond To?

Architecture responds to the needs of its users and rises to the level of art

Architecture is Connected to What?

Architecture is connected to a particular place and relates to the specifics of geography, climate and the surroundings

Why is Architecture Important?

Because architecture permanently records a civilization’s aesthetic tastes, material resources, political and social aspirations

Architecture helps define ________

place

What are the Three Principles Vitruvius Felt are Essential to Architecture?

1. Firmness (structure)

2. Commodity (function)

3. Delight (beauty)

Example of a Representative Sketch

Example of an Abstract Sketch

Example of a Symbolic Sketch

The relationship between solid and void creates ________________

architectural space

What is Symmetry?

designing one side of a space to mirror the opposite

What is Asymmetry?

architectural elements that are unevenly spaced in size, shape, and/or position

What is the Visual Scale?

the size or proportion a building element appears to have relative to other elements of known or assumed size

What is Proportion?

a quantified relationship among the parts of an element, as well as the relationship of that element to a whole

What is the Golden Section?

Known since the Greek mathematician Euclid, an irrational proportion with special mathematical and spatial relationships applicable to a wide variety of phenomena, including aesthetics, art, music, and nature:

“A line cut in such a way that the smaller section is to the greater as the greater is to the whole” approximately 8:5 or 1.6180340…

Who made the Drawing of the Body’s Balanced Proportions?

Leonardo da Vinci

What is Le Corbusier's Modular?

Le Corbusier created a series of harmonic numbers:

1. the average height of the human being

2. the height of a man with raised arms

What is Massing?

composing three-dimensional shapes or volumes into a building design

What is Style?

particular or distinctive form of artistic expression characteristic of a person, people, or period

Blank Card: Just Know the Following Types of Roofs, Walls, Windows, and Doors. We Will be Tested on them.

What is a Shed Roof?

Slopes to one side

What is a Gable Roof?

Slopes to Two Sides

What is a Hipped Roof?

Sloping ends and sides that meet at a ridge

Used since the middle ages in Europe and Asia. Still widely used today

What is a Pavilion Roof?

Shaped like a pyramid and is used to cover a square structure

This roof form is used on almost every strip mall that has a clock tower

What is a Barrel Vault?

Semi-circular roof

First used by the Romans who built this form with brick or stone

What is a Gambrel Roof?

The roof combines two different pitches

Widely used in American architecture in the 1700s. Creates more space on the top floor.

What is a Mansard Roof?

The roof combines two different pitches below the ridge. Named for French Architect Francois Mansard

Widely used by Paris architects in the 17th Century. Creates more space on the top floor

What is a Flat Roof?

- Made popular by European Architects of the 20th Century

- Widely used today

- Makes it possible to put a roof over a building that has a large plan

- Flat roofs are rarely actually flat - but have a very low slope

What is a Rusticated Wall?

Made of stone that is typically rough and raised off the wall surface

First used on the ground floors of Renaissance palaces to make them look impenetrable

What is a Half-Timbered Wall?

Having a timber framework with the spaces filled with masonry or plaster

Common in 16th Century England. Associated with the Tudor Style

What is a Clapboard Siding Wall?

Wood siding laid horizontally

Common in the colonies 17th and 18th centuries and still common today. Associated with many styles found in the United States

What is a Board and Batten Siding Wall?

Wood siding laid vertically consisting of wide boards and narrow battens

Often associated with the Victorian and Craftsman styles

What is a Stucco Wall?

A course plaster composed of cement, sand and lime, mixed with water and used to cover exterior walls

What is a Glass Wall?

- The ability to create large expanses of glass in a wall was made possible by the manufacturing improvements in the late 19th and early 20th century

- Except in the most technically sophisticated buildings, glass is not used in a structural way

- Curtain wall - a nonstructural frame and glass cladding system

What is a Masonry Wall?

Brick / Stone / Concrete Block

What is a Concrete Wall?

Poured in place, pre-cast, and tilt up panels. You can design it however you want

What is a Palladian Window?

A round-headed window flanked by two smaller windows

What is a Lancet Window?

Tracery - decorative stonework trefoil-cloverleaf shape with three foils quatrefoil-four foils. Popular in Gothic Structures

What is an Oxeye Window?

A comparatively small round or oval window used in a frieze or dormer

What is a Double Hung Window?

A window having two vertically hung sashes, each in separate tracks

Single hung window or triple hung window

1 over 1 / 6 over 6 / 12 over 12

What is a Dormer Window?

A vertical window in a projection built out on a sloping roof

What is a Bay Window?

A window projecting from the surface of the wall to allow light from three sides

Oriel window- bay window supported by brackets

Bow window- curved bay window

What is a Ribbon Window?

Horizontal band of windows

What is a Casement Window?

A window sash opening on hinges generally attached to the vertical side of the frame

What is a Transom Window?

Window above the transom of a doorway

What is a Clerestory Window?

A portion of an interior rising above adjacent rooftops and having windows to admit daylight

What is a Venetian Door?

A door opening, with a semicircular window (fanlight) above and flanked by vertical windows (sidelights)

Similar to a Palladian Window

What is a French Door?

A door having rectangular glass panes extending throughout its length often hung in pairs

What is a Sliding Door?

A door that operates or moves by sliding on a rack

What is a Pedimented Doorway?

Pediment- a triangular shaped element historically made of stone. Modern pediments are imitated in a variety of materials

What is an Arched Doorway Associated With?

Associated with Romanesque and Gothic architecture

What is a Building Type?

An architectural form which has become accepted by society through repeated use

Examples of Building Types

1. Cathedral

2. Bank

3. Train Station

4. Palace

5. Castle

6. Skyscraper

7. Temple

8. Airport

9. Factory

What is the Building Program?

a client’s list of practical requirements for a design project

What three things are required for any architectural project?

1. Need

2. Land (site) - renovation vs new

3. Financing

What are the Steps Required to Become a Licensed Architect?

- 5 Year BARC (or 4+2 MARC or 3+ year MARC)

- Minimum 3 year internship (minimum weeks of exposure to various aspects of practice)

- Pass 6 part ARE 5.0 exam

What are the Basic Architectural Services to Earn the Fee?

- Schematic design: 15% of fee

- Design development: 25% of fee

- Construction Documents: 35% of fee

- Bidding and Contract negotiation: 5% of fee

- Construction phase: 20% of fee

What are the Three Basic Types of Drawings?

1. Orthographic

2. Axonometric

3. Perspective

What are Orthographic Drawings?

Depict and require measurements in two dimensions

Three Parts:

1. Plan

2. Section

3. Elevation

What are Axonometric Drawings?

- Axon + metron = "axis" "measure"

- Depict and require measurements in three dimensions

- "Paraline" = parallel lines in the object are depicted in drawings

- This is NOT how we perceive the world

What are Perspective Drawings?

- Depict and require measurements in three dimensions (like axonometric drawings)

- "Foreshortening" = parallel lines in the object appear to recede in depth (unlike axonometric drawings)

- THIS IS HOW WE SEE IT, IT IS REALISTIC

What are Live Loads?

forces from all the “movable” elements of a building (people, equipment, furniture, etc.)

What are Dead Loads?

forces from all the “immovable” elements of a building (weight of building materials, walls, floors, built-ins, etc.)

Dynamic Loads are are applied ______

suddenly

Ex: wind, earthquakes, etc.

Static Loads are applied _______

slowly

Examples: stack of books on a table, weight of building weighing on ground, etc.

What are Stone Megaliths?

Big Rocks

Not used to make enclosure, but to mark location from great distances

What is a Menhir?

A single stone standing upright

What is a Dolmen

Several stones supporting a stone slab

What are Henges?

Circular ditches around which some megalithic monuments are arranged (Stonehenge)

What is a Cromlech?

A circle of stones

What is Stonehenge?

The oldest surviving structure in England are the stone circles around Stonehenge

Note: Menhir, Dolmen, Henge, and Cromlech

Trabeation - Post and Lintels

What are the Three Types of Pyramids?

1. Step Pyramid

2. Bent Pyramid

3. Straight-sided Pyramid

What is an Example of a Step Pyramid?

Saqqara: Doser's Step Pyramid

What is an Example of a Bent Pyramid?

Sneferu’s South Pyramid in Dahshur, Egypt

What is an Example of a Straight-Sided Pyramid?

Cheop’s Pyramid in Giza, Egypt

Who was the First Reported Architect?

Egyptian named Imhotep - "the one who comes in peace" who was born a commoner. Between 2,700 to 2,600 Zoser hired Imhotep to design and build his tomb. Imhotep “translated” traditional building materials of mud, wood, and reeds into stone. Imhotep was also an astronomer, magician, and a doctor. Later worshipped by the Egyptians as a god

The Temple at Karnac

Contains Papyrus bundles and bud columns

What is the Lion's Gate?

- Sense of structure that was an inheritance from Neolithic period (remember stonehenge)

- Lion element borrowed from Egypt, but now more organic

- Post and lintel

- Greeks will refine post and lintel, triangular relief

What are the Differences Between the Egyptians and the Greeks?

Egyptians believed in the afterlife with collective eternity where if the pharaoh lives forever, then so does the population. Brought effort to celebrate individual

Greeks believed there wasn't an afterlife and sought immortality through achievement where they will be remembered forever based on their record achievements. Excellence in deeds

Temples Housed _______

Gods

Why were Temples Made?

To impress non-Greeks. Made with vivid colors and are seen from great distances.

What are the Three Orders?

1. Doric

2. Ionic

3. Corinthian

What is the Doric Order?

- Oldest, simplest, most massive

- Columns placed close together, often no bases

- Plain capitals

- Entablatures have metopes and triglyphs

What is the Ionic Order?

- Developed in Ionian Islands

- Characterized as delicate order - “female”

- Contrasts with “male” Doric order

- Used for smaller buildings and interiors

- Easily recognized by Volutes on Capital (based on nautilus shells or animal horns)

What is the Corinthian Order?

- Variation of Ionic Order

- Same as Ionic except a new type of Capital

- Capital is more ornate-acanthus leaves

- Often found on interiors

The Parthenon in Athens, Greece

Constructed between 448,432 BCE, the Parthenon is the perfection of the Doric Order and it is a supreme example of classical architecture

The Temple of Athena Nike is the Perfection of the _________ Order

Ionic

What is the Corinthian Order Usually Used for?

the interior of temples (Greeks)

The Acropolis in Athens, Greece

Contains the Temple of Athena Nike and the Erechtheion

Who is Elgin Marbles?

Lord Elgin purchased marble from Turks. Made sculptures that are located in the British Museum in London

What are Caryatids?

A sculpted female figure used as a column

What is an Atlas?

A sculptured male figure used as a column

What's the Difference Between Greeks and Romans/Etruscans?

Greeks made in the landscape using balance, harmony, refinement of form, and without structural innovation. Greeks utilize Post and Beam.

Romans (Etruscans) conquered the Greeks and brought Classical architecture to Roman Empire where 20% of the world was under Roman rule. Made images in context and made innovations in construction and technology.

What is the Tuscan Order?

Unlike Doric, supports an entablature with no decoration. Used to create wooden temple with pitched roof

What is the Composite Order?

A Roman innovation that combines Ionic volutes with Conrinthian acanthus leaves

What were the Roman Structural Inventions?

- Concrete

- Barrel vault: extending arch along its depth

- Groin vault (intersecting two barrel vaults that opens a space in 4 directions. Used to create huge interiors such as gyms and bathes)

Coliseum in Rome

Completed around 80 ACE

Largest colosseum in Rome

What is a Pediment?

A triangle shape over colonnade

What is a Portico?

a colonnaded space forming an entrance or vestibule

What is the Pantheon?

Designed by Hadrian and it utilizes pediments and porticos

Who is Constantine I (306-337 A.D.)?

Designed the Edict of Milan in 313 A.D.

Proclaimed tolerance of all religions - gave Christians authority to build churches