Unit 2 Chapter 19-22 Give Me Liberty Vol 2

Roosevelt Corollary

Roosevelt Corollary

Added onto Monroe Doctrine by Roosevelt. Said that the US should have the ability to be an "International Police Power" in western hemisphere.

Dollar Diplomacy

Tafts foreign policy. Idea was to invest in economies and give loans to countries to strengthen their relationship with the US and give the US Power and Money. Some, of these countries included Honduras, Nicaragua, Dominican Republic and Liberia

"moral imperialism"

Idea by Woodrow Wilson.Said that American Economic Influence serves higher purpose than profit. Believed that Americans were meant to carry liberty and justice. Led to more military interventions in Latin America than any president ever before.

Lusitania

British ship carrying large amounts of arms and 124 Americans that was sunk by the Germans causing all the Americans to die.

Fourteen Points

Issued by Wilson in Jan 1918 saying the Americans War Aims and their vision of a new international Order. Believed in Self Determination for All nations, freedom of the seas, free trade, open diplomacy, and the creation of the League of Nations.

League of Nations

Envisioned by Wilson was an international organization dedicated to peace. The US never joined it though.

War Industries Board

Was a board that regulated and presided over all elements of war. Established standards for everything from tires to shoe colors.

NAACP

Founded by the Niagara movement. was a organization fighting for the rights of Blacks. Wanted to help enforce the 14th and 15th amendments. Was originally multiracial. Wanted to use court system to bring about change.

Luisitania

British passenger ship that was torpedoed by a German U-boat in 1915; 1200 people died and 128 Americans died. Nearly caused America to go to war immediately.

Zimmerman Telegram

March 1917. Sent from German Foreign Secretary, addressed to German minister in Mexico City. Mexico should attack the US if US goes to war with Germany (needed that advantage due to Mexico's promixity to the US). In return, Germany would give back Tex, NM, Arizona etc to Mexico.

Selective Service Act

Law passed by Congress in 1917 that required all men from ages 21 to 30 to register for the military draft

Eighteenth Amendment

Prohibited the manufacture, sale, and distribution of alcoholic beverages

Espionage Act

This law, passed after the United States entered WWI, imposed sentences of up to twenty years on anyone found guilty of aiding the enemy, obstructing recruitment of soldiers, or encouraging disloyalty. It allowed the postmaster general to remove from the mail any materials that incited treason or insurrection.

Sedition Act

Made it a crime to criticize the government or government officials. Opponents claimed that it violated citizens' rights to freedom of speech and freedom of the press, guaranteed by the First Amendment.

Great Migration

movement of over 300,000 African American from the rural south into Northern cities between 1914 and 1920

Tulsa riot of 1921

This was the worst race riot in American history when more than 300 blacks were killed and over 10,000 left homeless after a white mob that included policemen burned an all-black section of the city to the ground.

Versailles Treaty

Agreement in 1919 ending World War I; included huge war reparations to be paid by Germany.

Lynching

putting to death a person by the illegal action of a mob. Over 3/4th of all people killed this way were black Americans.

Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)

a law enacted in 1933 to raise crop prices by paying farmers to leave a certain amount of their land unplanted, thus lowering production

Atlantic Charter Conference

delcared the allies' war aims - disarmament, self determination, freedom of the seas, and guarantee of each nation's security

Axis Powers (WWII)

Germany, Japan, Italy

Bracero Program

Plan that brought laborers from Mexico to work on American farms

Bretton Woods Conference

Meeting of Western allies to establish a postwar international economic order to avoid crises like the one that spawned World War II. Led to the creation of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank, designed to regulate currency levels and provide aid to underdeveloped countries.

Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)

New Deal program that hired unemployed men to work on natural conservation projects

Congress of Industrial Organizations

A federation of labor union for all unskilled workers. It provided a national labor union for unskilled workers, unlike the AFL, which limited itself to skilled workers.

Court Packing

Where FDR tried to add more members to the Supreme Court to pass his programs.

D-Day (June 6, 1944)

Operation Overlord - June 6, 1944 the greatest amphibious invasion in history to that point - A second front designed to liberate Europe would be opened.

Double-V Campaign

The World War II-era effort of black Americans to gain "a Victory over racism at home as well as Victory abroad."

Dust Bowl

Region of the Great Plains that experienced a drought in 1930 lasting for a decade, leaving many farmers without work or substantial wages.

Federal Housing Administration (FHA)

insured bank loans used for building and repairing homes

Flappers

Young women in the 1920s who challenged social traditions with their dress and behavior

Four Freedoms

Freedom of Speech, Religion, Want, from Fear; used by FDR to justify a loan for Britain, if the loan was made, the protection of these freedoms would be ensured

GI Bill of Rights

Also known as Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944 gave money to veternas to study in colleges, universities, gave medical treatment, loans to buy a house or farm or start a new business

Fundamentalism

Conservative beliefs in the Bible and that it should be literally believed and applied

Good Neighbor Policy

FDR's foreign policy of promoting better relations w/Latin America by using economic influence rater than military force in the region

Great Depression

A time of utter economic disaster; started in the United States in 1929.

Harlem Renaissance

A literary and artistic movement celebrating African-American culture.

House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC)

A congressional committee created to search out disloyal Americans & Communists.

illegal alien

A new category established by the Immigration Act of 1924 that referred to immigrants crossing U.S. borders in excess of the new immigration quotas.

Indian New Deal

1930's legislation that gave Indians greater control of their own affairs and provided further funding for schools and hospitals.

Isolationism

A policy of nonparticipation in international economic and political relations

Japanese-American Internment

the removal of Japanese Americans from the West to prison camps during World War II

Korematsu v. the United States (1944)

Ruled that American citizens of Japanese descent could be interned and deprived of basic constitutional rights due to executive order

Lend-Lease Act

allowed sales or loans of war materials to any country whose defense the president deems vital to the defense of the U.S

Manhattan Project

code name for the secret United States project set up in 1942 to develop atomic bombs for use in World War II

McNary-Haugen Bill

A farm-relief bill that was championed throughout the 1920s and aimed to keep agricultural prices high by authorizing the government to buy up surpluses and sell them abroad. Congress twice passed the bill, but President Calvin Coolidge vetoed it in 1927 and 1928.

National Industrial Recovery Act

1933
*The National Industrial Recovery Act, or NIRA, was passed on the last day of the "Hundred Days" as the pillar of FDR's assistance program
*Goal of NIRA was to help businesses self-regulate and to aid in employment
*NIRA created the National Recovery Administration (NRA), which oversaw the creation of fair competition codes
*NRA codes abolished child labor, creating minimum wages, and capped hours for workers
*In Schechter v. United States (1935), the Supreme Court overturned NIRA, holding that it granted the president too much leeway and that these powers should be in the hands of the states

National Recovery Administration (NRA)

New Deal agency that promoted economic recovery by regulating production, prices, and wages

Neutrality Acts

Originally designed to avoid American involvement in World War II by preventing loans to those countries taking part in the conflict; they were later modified in 1939 to allow aid to Great Britain and other Allied nations.

New Deal

A series of reforms enacted by the Franklin Roosevelt administration between 1933 and 1942 with the goal of ending the Great Depression.

New Negro

an effort to promote racial equality by celebrating the cultural contributions of African Americans

Popular Front

A government of all left-wing parties that took power in France in 1936 to enact social and economic reforms.

Potsdam Conference

The final wartime meeting of the leaders of the United States, Britain, and the Soviet Union was held at Potsdamn, outside Berlin, in July, 1945. Truman, Churchill, and Stalin discussed the future of Europe but their failure to reach meaningful agreements soon led to the onset of the Cold War.

Public Works Administration (PWA)

New Deal agency that provided millions of jobs constructing public buildings

Reconstruction Finance Corporation

Hoover-created gov lending bank to businesses "millionaire's loan"

Scottsboro Case

Nine black teenagers were taken off a freight train in a small town near Scottsboro, Alabama and were arrested for vagrancy and disorder. Later, two white women accused the boys of raping them, and although there was significant evidence to suggest the women were lying, an all-white jury convicted all of the boys and eight were sentenced to death. However, with the Supreme Court's decision to overturn the convictions in 1932 and with the support of an organization associated with the Communist Party, the International Labor Defense, all of the defendants eventually gained their freedom.

Second Great Migration

was the migration of more than five million African Americans from the South to the North, Midwest and West. It took place from 1941, through World War II, and lasted until 1970.

Zoot Suit Riots

A series of riots in L.A. California during WW2, soldiers stationed in the city and Mexican youths because of the zoot suits they wore.

100 days

period from March to June 1933 when Congress passed major legislation submitted by Roosevelt to deal with the Depression

Yalta Conference

FDR, Churchill and Stalin met at Yalta. Russia agreed to declare war on Japan after the surrender of Germany and in return FDR and Churchill promised the USSR concession in Manchuria and the territories that it had lost in the Russo-Japanese War

Works Progress Administration (WPA)

New Deal agency that helped create jobs for those that needed them. It created around 9 million jobs working on bridges, roads, and buildings.

Liberal Internationalism

Woodrow Wilson's foreign policy that rested on the conviction that economic and political progress go hand in hand.

Marcus Garvey

African American leader durin the 1920s who founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association and advocated mass migration of African Americans back to Africa. Was deported to Jamaica in 1927.

Panama Canal Zone

A ten-mile wide strip of land on which was built a canal; its construction drastically reduced the time it took for commercial and naval vessels to sail from the Atlantic to the Pacific Oceans.

Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)

A relief, recovery, and reform effort that gave 2.5 million poor citizens jobs and land. It brought cheap electric power, low-cost housing, cheap nitrates, and the restoration of eroded soil.

Emergency Banking Act

A government legislation passed during the depression that dealt with the bank problem. The act allowed a plan which would close down insolvent banks and reorganize and reopen those banks strong enough to survive.

Red Scare (1919-1920)

Fear among many Americans after World War I of Communists in particular and noncitizens in general, a reaction to the Russian Revolution, mail bombs, strikes, and riots.

Sacco and Vanzetti Case

A well-known case in which two Italian-American anarchists were found guilty and executed for a crime in which there was very little evidence linking them to the particular crime.

Schenck v. United States

A 1919 decision upholding the conviction of a socialist who had urged young men to resist the draft during World War I. Justice Holmes declared that government can limit speech if the speech provokes a "clear and present danger" of substantive evils.

Scopes Trial

1925 trial of a Tennessee schoolteacher for teaching Darwin's theory of evolution

Sedition Act of 1918

made it illegal for americans to speak disloyaly about the US government, constitution, or flag

Share Our Wealth

radical relief program proposed by Senator Huey Long in the 1930s to empower the government to seize wealth from the rich through taxes and provide a guaranteed minimum income and home to every American family

sit-down strike

method of boycotting work by sitting down at work and refusing to leave the establishment

Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act

high tariff law that contributed to a global economic downturn in the 1930s

Social Security Act

guaranteed retirement payments for enrolled workers beginning at age 65; set up federal-state system of unemployment insurance and care for dependent mothers and children, the handicapped, and public health

Stock Market Crash

Another leading component to the start of the Great Depression. The stock became very popular in the 1920's, then in 1929 in took a steep downturn and many lost their money and hope they had put in to the stock.

Teapot Dome Scandal

corruption by a Harding cabinet member, who took bribes to allow oil drilling on public lands

Tulsa Riot

Worse race riot in American history. White mob burned black section of city to the ground. 300 blacks killed, 10000 homeless.

United Nations

An international organization formed after WWII to promote international peace, security, and cooperation.

V-E Day

May 8, 1945; victory in Europe Day when the Germans surrendered

Wagner Act

1935; established National Labor Relations Board; protected the rights of most workers in the private sector to organize labor unions, to engage in collective bargaining, and to take part in strikes and other forms of concerted activity in support of their demands.

Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)

A constitutional amendment originally introduced in Congress in 1923 and passed by Congress in 1972, stating that "equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of sex." Despite public support, the amendment failed to acquire the necessary support from three-fourths of the state legislatures.

Adkins v. Children's Hospital

The 1923 Supreme Court case that voided a minimum wage for women workers in the District of Columbia, reversing many of the gains that had been achieved through the groundbreaking decision in Muller v. Oregon.

ACLU

It defends and preserves the individual rights and liberties that the Constitution and laws of the United States guarantee everyone in this country.

Holocaust

A methodical plan orchestrated by Hitler to ensure German supremacy. It called for the elimination of Jews, non-conformists, homosexuals, non-Aryans, and mentally and physically disabled.