Unit 3 AP Gov

Commerce Clause

Used to ban businesses from discriminating if they affect interstate commerce.

Voting Rights Act of 1965

Banned literacy tests and other obstacles to voting, leading to increased Black voter turnout.

Equal Pay Act of 1963

Required equal pay for equal work and prohibited wage discrimination based on sex, race, religion, or national origin.

Title IX (1972)

Prohibited sex-based discrimination in federally funded education programs.

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

Supreme Court case that upheld segregation under the 'separate but equal' doctrine.

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

Supreme Court ruling declaring segregated public schools unconstitutional under the 14th Amendment.

Shaw v. Reno (1993)

Supreme Court case that struck down racial gerrymandering in congressional districts.

2023 Affirmative Action Cases

Supreme Court cases that struck down affirmative action policies in college admissions.

Civil Rights Act (1964)

Banned discrimination in public places and workplaces based on race, sex, religion, or national origin.

24th Amendment (1964)

Banned poll taxes, used to prevent Black Americans from voting.

Colorblind Interpretation

Interpretation of the Equal Protection Clause that opposes any racial distinctions.

Race-Conscious Interpretation

Interpretation that allows consideration of race to help historically disadvantaged groups.