Bio 1AL lab 11

heart

includes pericardium

aorta and pulmonary trunk

large diameter muscular thick walled vessels convey blood away from the heart; pulmonary trunk may be traced to the right ventricle and aorta to left ventricle

vena cavae and pulmonary veins

large diameter but thinner and less muscular vessels deliver blood to the heart: ant + post VC empty into the right atrium and and PV deliver oxygenated blood to the left atrium

heart valves

flap like structures that open and close to assure one way movements of blood into through and out of the heart

coronary arteries

branch off the aorta and supply the heart muscle with oxygenated blood to sustain heart contraction

trachea

tube leading to lungs

cardiac cycle: steps

1. P: SA node depolarizes atria

2. atrial systole

3. delay of signal at AV node

4. QRS: ventricles depolarize (atria repolarize)

   1. T: ventricles repolarize and enter diastole

cardiac output

amount of blood that leaves the left ventricle into aorta and systemic circulation every minute

CO (mL/min) = Heart Rate (beats/min) * Stroke volume (mL/beat)

heart rate (def)

number of times blood is pumped out per minute

stroke volume

volume of blood pumped out during each beat

SV = 1.7 (ml/mmHg) x (systolic pressure - diastolic pressure) (mmHg/beat)

total peripheral resistance

resistance to blood flow through systemic circulation

TPR = MAP (mmHg)/ CO (ml/min)

mean arterial pressure

1/3 (systolic pressure - diastolic pressure) + diastolic pressure [all in mmHg]

MAP = CO x TPR

tidal volume

volume of air that you breathe in and out during normal breathing

vital capacity

total volume of air that can expired after maximum inspiration

inspiratory/ expiratory reserve volume

diff between tidal exhale and max exhale/ inhale

residual volume

small volume of air in the lungs after maximum exhalation

lung ventilation (eq)

tidal volume x breathing rate

equations to find O2 consumed

o2 consumed = O2 inspired - O2 expired

O2 inspired - O2 expired = ventilation x (%O2 atmos - %O2 exp)

equations to find CO2 produced

co2 produced = Co2 expired - co2 inspired

Co2 expired - co2 inspired = ventilation x (%co2 exp - %co2 atmos)

heartrate (eqn)

60 × 1/RR where RR is the time between tallest peaks

lub dub

lub = av valves closing dub = semilunar valves closing

when does the atriventricular valve close

when ventricle pressure is greater than atrium pressure - therefore when the ventricles start to contract (QRS - S1 lub)

when does the semilunar valve close

when the pressure of the aorta is greater than the ventricle - therefore when the ventricle relax (T - S2 dub)