PSY202 Final

psychotherapy

the generic name given to formal psychological treatment

biological therapies

treatment of psychological disorders based on medical approaches to disease (what is wrong with the body) and to illness (what a person feels as a result)

insight

the goal of psychoanalysis; a client's awareness of his or her own unconscious psychological processes and how these processes affect daily functioning

psychodynamic theory

a form of therapy based on Freudian theory; it aims to help to help clients examine needs, defenses, and motivates as a way of understanding distress

client-centered therapy

an empathetic approach to therapy; it encourages people to fulfil their individual potentials for personal growth through greater self-understanding

behavior therapy

treatment based on the premise that behavior is learned and therefore can be unlearned through the use of classical and operant conditioning. Dysfunctional behaviors like cutting and suicide attempts are replaced with less destructive ones

exposure

a behavioral therapy technique that involves repeated exposure to anxiety-producing stimulus or situation

cognitive therapy

treatment based on the idea that distorted thoughts produce maladaptive behaviors and emotions; treatment strategies attempt to modify these thought patterns. The client learns problem-solving techniques, ways of coping with emotions, and self-respect

cognitive restructuring

A clinician helps the client replace maladaptive thought patterns and replace them with ways of viewing the world that are more in tune with reality

cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)

a therapy that incorporates techniques from cognitive therapy and behavior therapy to correct faulty thinking and change maladaptive behaviors. is the most widely used version of psychotherapy. is one of the most effective therapies for many types of disorders. involves examining a client's maladaptive thought processes and teaching him to change his behavior.

expressed emotion

a pattern of negative actions by a client's family members; the pattern includes critical comments, hostility directed towards the person by family members, and emotional over involvement

psychotropic medications

drugs that affect mental processes

anti-anxiety drugs

a class of psychotropic medications used for the treatment of anxiety. drugs that lower hostility. These drugs, commonly called tranquilizers, include Xanax and Ativan. They can induce drowsiness and are highly addictive

antidepressants

a class of psychotropic medications used for treatment of depression. These drugs include tricyclics and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. The best-known SSRI is Prozac; side effects include sexual dysfunction

antipsychotics

These drugs, also called neuroleptics, reduce hallucinations and delusions. Side effects can be serious, including tardive dyskinesia and reduction in white blood cells.. a class of psychotropic medications used for the treatment of schizophrenia and other disorders that involves psychosis

electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

This treatment involves administering an electrical current strong enough to produce a seizure and has been used to treat depression

placebo effect

an improvement in physical or mental health following treatment with a placebo-that is, with a drug or treatment that has no active component on the disorder being treated

dialectical behavior therapy (DBT)

a form of therapy used to treat borderline personality disorder that combines element of the behavioral and cognitive treatment with a mindfulness approach based on Eastern meditative practices. cognitive therapy. behavioral therapy. both group and individual therapy. radical acceptance. mindfulness training based on Eastern meditation

applied behavioral analysis (ABA)

an intensive treatment for autism, based on operant conditioning

psychopharmacology

the use of medications that affect brain or body functions

electric approach

using a variety of techniques that seem appropriate for a given client

free association

the client would say whatever came to mind and the therapist would look for signs of unconscious conflicts, especially where the client appeared resistant to discussing certain topics

reflective listening

the therapist repeats the client's concerns to help the person clarify his or her feelings

motivational interviewing

a client centered approach over a very short period (1-2 interviews). addresses the client's ambivalence about problematic behaviors, as when a drug addict enjoys using drugs but recognizes the problems created by drug use. helps clients know what their current state is and where they want to be. can spark motivation for change

family psychotherapy

goal to heal family relationships

humanistic psychotherapy

goal to help clients fulfill their potential for personal growth. reflective listening and unconditional positive regard

group psychotherapy

goal to provide support while also improving social skills in a cost-effective manner

cognitive psychotherapy

goal to help clients eliminate harmful thought patterns and replace them with positive ones

behavioral psychotherapy

goal to help clients replace harmful behaviors with beneficial ones

psychodynamic psychotherapy

goal to help clients become aware of unconscious conflicts and defense mechanisms

social skills training

a client has particular interpersonal difficulties, such as with initiating a conversation, she or he learns appropriate ways to act in specific situations

modeling

the therapists acts out an appropriate behavior

prolonged exposure

involves those with PTSD repeatedly revisiting and recounting their traumatic experience and gradually approaching situations that they have been avoiding because of reminders of their traumatic experience

exposure and response prevention

repeated exposure to a feared stimulus increases the person's anxiety. if the person is not permitted to avoid the stimulus the person's avoidance response is eventually extinguished. highly effective for OCD

systematic desensitization

a type of behavior therapy used in the field of psychology to help effectively overcome phobias and other anxiety disorders. More specifically, it is a form of counter conditioning, a type of Pavlovian therapy developed by South African psychiatrist, Joseph Wolpe

rational-emotive therapy

the therapist acts as a teacher, explaining the client's errors in thinking and demonstrating more-adaptive ways to think and behave

mindfulness-based cognitive therapy

Clinicians help clients become aware of negative thought processes and disengage from ruminative thinking using meditation. people who recover from depression continue to be vulnerable to faulty thinking when they experience negative moods. two goals: help clients become more aware of their negative thoughts and feelings at times when they are vulnerable and to help them learn to disengage from ruminative thinking through meditation

systems approach

an individual is part of a larger context. any change in individual behavior will affect the whole system

selective specific reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

inhibit the reuptake of serotonin; inhibit the reuptake of serotonin. These drugs, one of which is Prozac, have fewer side effects than other types of antidepressants, though they can occasionally cause insomnia, headache, weight loss, and sexual dysfunction

tardive dyskinesia

the involuntary twitching of muscles, especially in the neck and face

anticonvulsants

drugs that prevent seizures

trepanning

holes made in head may have been used to let out evil spirits believed to be causing unusual behavior

psychosurgery

This early procedure, also called prefrontal lobotomy, involved selectively damaging areas of the frontal cortex

transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

This treatment, which has been used to treat depression, uses magnetic fields from a wire coil placed on the scalp to interrupt the activity of neurons. a powerful electrical current produces a magnetic field. when rapidly switched on and off induces an electrical current in the brain region directly below the wire coil, thereby interrupting neural function in that region

single pulse TMS

the disruption of brain activity occurs only during hr brief period of stimulation

repeated TMS

multiple pulses of TMS occur over an extended time

deep brain stimulation (DBS)

This technique, which involves surgically implanting electrodes to stimulate the brain at a certain frequency, is often used to treat Parkinson's and has proven effective in treating OCD and depression

randomized clinical trails

client-participants should be randomly assigned to conditions

psychological treatments

distinguish evidence-based treatment from the more generic term psychotherapy, which refers to any form of therapy

technology based treatments

use minimal contact with therapists and rely on smartphones, computer programs, or the internet to offer some form of psychological treatment

fear hierarchy

a list of situations in which fear is aroused, in ascending order

seasonal affective disorder (SAD)

episodes of depression are most likely to occur during winter

phototherapy

exposure to high-intensity light source for part of each day

conduct disorder

a childhood condition known to be a precursor to antisocial personality disorder. it involves a persistent pattern of inappropriate behavior such as bullying, cruelty to animals, theft, lying, and violating rules and social norms

mindfulness training

Techniques of Eastern meditation are used to teach clients to control their attention and focus on the present

interpersonal therapy

Clients use cognitive and psychodynamic techniques to gain insight into their relationships with other people

treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder

exposure and response prevention

treatment for phobia

systematic desensitization

treatment for depression

cognitive restructuring

treatment for bipolar disorder

quetiapine

treatment for schizophrenia

Risperdal and Zyprexa

phobias

Anti-anxiety drugs are only effective until they wear off. Antidepressants are about equally as effective as exposure therapy, but people taking antidepressants complain of side effects

panic disorder

CBT alone and antidepressants alone give the same results, but patients who received CBT had a lower rate of relapse

obsessive-compulsive disorder

Use of exposure and response prevention worked better than prescribing a tricyclic antidepressant, though both worked better than a placebo.

psychiatrist

has a private practice and is authorized to prescribe medications

paraprofessional

does not have an advanced degree, but works under supervision as a volunteer for a suicide hotline

clinical psychologist

works in a university hospital to conduct research as well as provide treatment

psychiatric nurse

cares for patients with severe psychiatric disorders in a hospital

psychiatric social worker

makes home visits to address problems in home environments and directs people to appropriate community resources

counseling psychologist

works at a school to help students deal with issues of adjustment and stress

stimulants

drugs that normalize cortical arousal levels

lithium

drugs that treat aggressive and impulsive behaviors

adolescent depression

SSRIs combined with CBT treat this adolescent disorder

attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

stimulants like Ritalin treat this adolescent disorder

autism spectrum disorder (ASD)

applied behavioral analysis treat this adolescent disorder

monoamine oxidase inhibitors

increase availability of serotonin, norepinephrine, and epinephrine

benzodiazepines

increase GABA

atypical antipsychotics

act on dopamine receptors as well as serotonin, norepinephrine, acetylcholine, and histamine

tricyclics

These drugs act on neurotransmitters and the histamine system and are very effective antidepressants, but they have a number of unpleasant side effects, including drowsiness, weight gain, sweating, constipation, heart palpitations, and dry mouth

bupropion

This drug is known as Wellbutrin. It has fewer side effects than other drugs and also does not cause sexual dysfunction

MAO inhibitors

This early drug used to treat depression can be toxic when combined with an amino acid found in red wine, aged cheese, and cured meat, so it is generally prescribed when other drugs do not work

Psychopathology

Sickness or disorder of the mind

-1 in 4 Americans over the age of 18 has a diagnosable psychological disorder in a given year

-About 1 in 5 American adults receives treatment over any two-year period

-Nearly half of Americans will have some form of psychological disorder at some point in their life

Etiology

Factors that contribute to the development of a disorder

Assessment

In psychology, examination of a person's cognitive, behavioral, or emotional functioning to diagnose possible psychological disorders

Diathesis-stress model

A diagnostic model that proposes that a disorder may develop when an underlying vulnerability is coupled with a precipitating event

Family systems model

A diagnostic model that considers problems within an individual as indicating problems within the family.

Sociocultural model

A diagnostic model that views psychopathology as the result of the interaction between individuals and their cultures

Cognitive-behavioral approach

A diagnostic model that views psychopathology as the result of learned,maladaptive thoughts and beliefs

Internalizing disorders

Characterized by negative emotions, and they can be grouped into categories that reflect the emotions of distress and fear

-Includes major depressive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder.

-more common in females

Externalizing disorders

Characterized by disinhibition.

-Includes alcoholism, conduct disorders, and antisocial personality disorder

-more common in males

Anxiety disorder

A psychological disorder characterized by excessive fear and anxiety in absence of true danger

Generalized anxiety disorder

A diffuse state of constant anxiety not associated with any specific object or event

Comorbidity of Social Anxiety Disorder

Connected with many disorders except schizophrenia and Autism spectrum disorder