erythrocytes

how many erythrocytes are in one drop of blood?

1 drop of blood = 100,000,000 erythrocytes

1000 of leukocytes

how many erythrocytes per liter of blood for women?

4.8 million per microliter

how many erythrocytes per liter of blood for men?

5.4 million per microliter

how much of blood make up erythrocytes?

25% of the total blood in the human body

what is the diameter of erythrocyte?

7-8 micrometers

what are the functions of erythrocyte?

picks up oxygen from the lungs and travels to the tissues of the body

how much CO2 do erythrocytes pick up and bring to the lungs?

pick up 24% of CO2 waste and bring it to the lungs for exhalation

do erythrocytes have a mitochondria?

no, they preform anaerobic respiration

do erythrocytes have an endoplasmic reticulum or ribosomes?

neither has, so no protein synthesis

what organelles do erythrocytes have?

protein spectrin (cytoskeleton protein element)

structural proteins

what is blood bright when oxygenated?

oxyhemoglobin: when hemoglobin picks up oxygen from the lungs

why does blood get darker after releasing oxygenated hemoglobin?

deoxyhemoglobin: oxyhemoglobin travel to body tissues and releases oxygen

how much of CO2 dissolves into plasma?

76%

some dissolved COs remains in bloodstream, the rest is bicarbonate ion, how much?

23-24% and binds amino acids in hemoglobin to form carbaminohemoglobin

what is ineffective hematopoiesis?

insufficient RBCs leading to several types of anemia; tissues don’t get enough oxygen

what is polycythemia?

over production of RBCs

what is percent sat?

the percent of hemoglobin sites occupied by oxygen in blood

who do you determine to oxygenation of tissue?

% saturation

how is a % saturation monitored?

pulse oximeter

what is the normal range for blood oxygen?

95-100%

what is hypoxemia?

below normal levels of blood oxygen saturation

what is hypoxia?

(general term) decreased oxygen levels; lack of oxygen supply to tissues

what is the ideal blood filtration in a day to determine oxygen saturation?

about 180 liters

in response to hypoxemia what do the kidneys secrete?

erythropoietin, that will increase erythrocyte production and restore oxygen levels

what is the kidneys suppling EPO to restore O lvls example of?

negative feedback loop

in order for erythropoiesis to occur what materials have to be present?

iron: ferritin and hemosiderin, copper, zinc, B vitamins

about how much of the iron we consume is absorbed into the body?

20%

where can iron be stored?

bone marrow, liver, spleen, in the form of ferretin and hemosiderin

how does iron transport ?

1. ferroportin transports iron across the intertitial cell plasma membrane and from its storage of fluid where it enters the blood

2. when EPO stimulatrs the production of erythrocytes iron is released and bound to transferrin and carried to red bonw marrow whiere it attaches to erythrocyte precursors

what are the two compotents of copper?

hephaestin and ceruloplasm

without hephaestin and ceruloplasm can hemoglobin be adequately produced?

no

what is hepaestin?

located in the intersitial villi; enables iron to be absorbed by interstitial cells

what is ceruloplamin?

transports copper

together what can hephaestin and ceruloplasm do?

enable the oxidation of iron, Fe2+ → Fe3+

what is transferrin?

plasma protein that binds reversibly to iron (Fe3+) and distributes it throughout the body

in what state does copper deficiency occur and where does iron accumulate?

the transportation of iron for heme synthesis decreases and iron accumulates in the tissue of organ damage

what does zinc do for erythrocytes?

trace mineral zinc functions as a co-enzyme that facilitates the synthesis of the heme portion of hemoglobin

what do b vitamins do for erythrocytes?

folate and B12 acts as co-enzymes that facilitate DNA synthesis and are critical for the synthesis of new cells and erythrocytes

how are erythrocytes removed after 120 days?

macrophage

how can anemia be described?

when RBCs or hemoglobin are decreased

how many types of anemia are there?

more than 400

types of anemia can be broken down into what three groups?

those caused by faulty or diseased RBC production and those caused by excessive destruction of RBCs

how can clinicians diagnose anemia?

kinetic approach: focuses on evaluating the production, destruction and removal of RBCs

morphological approach: examines RBCs themselves, emphasis on size

what is a common test using the morphological approach to diagnose anemia?

mean corpuscle volume

what is a normal sized cell called?

normocytic

what is a smaller then normal sized cell called?

microcytic

what is a larger then normal sized cell called?

macrocytic

why are reticulocytes important in diagnosing anemia?

(immature erythrocytes) they reveal inadequate RBCs

how does anemia affect RBCs and oxygen levels?

decrease in RBCs or hemoglobin will equal a decrease in oxygen levels delivered to tissues

anemia leads to what?

fatigue, lethargy, and higher risk of infection. lack of oxygen impair brain function

what is blood loss anemia?

loss of blood, bleeding from wounds or other lesions

can reduce to ulcers

hemorrhoids

inflammation of the stomach

cancers of the gastrointersintal tract