prelim 1 - intro to rs methods & thesis writing

Is an honest, exhaustive, intelligent searching for facts and their meanings or implications with reference to a given problem

Research

It is a process of arriving at dependable solutions to problems through the planned and systemic collection, analysis, and interpretation of data

Research

According to him, the best research is that which is reliable, verifiable, and exhaustive so that it provides information in which we have confidence

P.M. Cook

Promotes the pursuit of knowledge and truth and the avoidance of error

Ethics

This thrives on the belief that one “ought to act in ways that do not cause needless harm or injury to others” (Principles of research ethics)

Principle of nonmaleficence

It implies that the subject should not be exposed to unnecessary risks (Principles of research ethics)

Principle of nonmaleficence

“Not only should we not harm them, but we should attempt to help them” - Dumhold (1993) (Principles of research ethics)

Principle of beneficence

Research must have the goal of working towards the people’s benefit (Principles of research ethics)

Principle of beneficence

“We should act in ways as to bring about the greatest benefit and the least harm” (Principles of research ethics)

Principle of utility

It also means that what must be done must be of use or that which can be utilized later for noble purposes (Principles of research ethics)

Principle of utility

This thrives on the belief that “rational individuals should be permitted to be self-determining” (Principles of research ethics)

Principle of autonomy

The decision on a research undertaking should rest on the patient (Principles of research ethics)

Principle of autonomy

This requires the subject of the research to give consent or permission for treatment and be given the proper knowledge of the activity

Informed consent

It means that consent is given on the premise that all information that the respondents/participants should know has to be given (Rules for research ethics)

Informed consent is given

There must be a link between research methodology and research ethics in a way that the anticipated research methodology will justify the results of the experiment (Rules for research ethics)

The design justifies the study

This means that undue suffering and pain must be avoided (Rules for research ethics)

Suffering and injury must be avoided

Risks are inherent in any research work; these risks however must be managed in a way that they should commensurate with the benefits that may result from the activity (Rules for research ethics)

Risk is commensurate with potential benefit

The rationale for an independent review on the research activity is to ensure that human rights and ethics have been observed (Rules for research ethics)

The study is subjected to an independent review

This is concerned with the accuracy of the research reports (Rules for research ethics)

Publication integrity is maintained

Starting at the planning stage of a proposed research activity, the code of ethics should be observed and should prevail (Rules for research ethics)

Explicit attention is given to ethics

Is concerned with applying a set of rules or conventions that will allow us to produce scientifically valid knowledge

Scientific method

Are statements that specify the expected relationship between two or more sets of variables (Scientific hypotheses or theories)

Scientific hypotheses

An important feature is that the terms must have clear, distinct, observable referents (Scientific hypotheses or theories)

Scientific hypotheses

Are integrated into more general explanatory systems called theories (Scientific hypotheses or theories)

Scientific hypotheses

Are essentially conjectures representing our current state of knowledge about the world (Scientific hypotheses or theories)

Scientific theories

A provisional explanation of available evidence (Scientific hypotheses or theories)

Scientific theories

Involves asserting general provisions about a class of phenomena based on a limited number of observations of select elements (Inductive or deductive reasoning)

Inductive reasoning

The logic underlying scientific generalizations (Inductive or deductive reasoning)

Inductive reasoning

A process where a general principle is applied to a particular case to explain it (Inductive or deductive reasoning)

Deductive reasoning

Research is based on direct experience or observation by the researcher (Characteristics of research)

Empirical

Research is based on valid procedures and principles, done in an orderly manner, to draw valid conclusions (Characteristics of research)

Logical

Research starts with a problem and ends with a problem (Characteristics of research)

Cyclical

Research utilizes proven analytical procedures in gathering the data, whether historical, descriptive, experimental, or case study (Characteristics of research)

Analytical

The research designs and procedures are replicated to enable the researcher to arrive at valid and conclusive results (Characteristics of research)

Replicability

Research exhibits careful and precise judgement; a higher level of confidence must be established (Characteristics of research)

Critical

Includes research according to application or objectives and research according to the mode of inquiry (Types of research)

Purposive nomenclature

Includes historical research, descriptive research, and experimental research (Types of research)

Descriptive nomenclature

Includes scientistic inquiry and naturalistic inquiry (Types of research)

Dualistic nomenclature

The purpose of this research is the development of theories by discovering broad generalizations or principles (Research according to application or objectives)

Fundamental/pure research

It is also called basic research; it is undertaken to satisfy the curiosity of the researcher or scientist (Research according to application or objectives)

Fundamental/pure research

Its purpose is to improve a product or a process; testing theoretical concepts in actual problem situations (Research according to application or objectives)

Applied research

Refers to the systematic description of a situation, a problem, phenomenon, service, or program, or information about a situation or a description of attitudes towards an issue (Types of applied research)

Descriptive research

Establishes the existence of a relationship between or among variables (Types of applied research)

Correlational research

Clarifies why and how there is a relationship between situations or phenomena (Types of applied research)

Explanatory research

Explores an area that is little known, or to determine whether or not there are possibilities of undertaking further research in said area (Types of applied research)

Exploratory research

May be undertaken to arrive at a decision as to whether or not a full-blown research on a specific topic or area is necessary or warranted (Types of applied research)

Feasibility study/Pilot study

A research according to the mode of inquiry; it is focused on the immediate application of the findings of the research to the solution of an existing problem, not on the development of theory or upon general application

Action research

Refers to specific processes in conducting the research (Types of research)

Descriptive nomenclature

Describe what was; it involves investigating, recording the conditions, and interpreting events of the past to discover generalizations (Descriptive nomenclature)

Historical research

Describe what it is; it involves describing, analyzing, and interpreting the conditions that now exist and it involves some comparison and contrast (Descriptive nomenclature)

Descriptive research

Describe what will be when certain variables are carefully controlled or manipulated (Descriptive nomenclature)

Experimental research

To highlight the differences in basic approaches (Types of research)

Dualistic nomenclature

This approach moves towards experimentation (Dualistic nomenclature)

Scientistic inquiry

This is a research approach that emphasizes qualitative research and the observation of behavior in natural settings (Dualistic nomenclature)

Naturalistic inquiry

It is an unstructured, exploratory research method that studies highly complex phenomena that are impossible to elucidate with quantitative research (Qualitative or quantitative research)

Qualitative research

Case study, grounded study, ethnography, historical, and phenomenology are examples of __________

Qualitative research

It is a form of research that relies on the methods of natural sciences, which produce numerical data and hard facts (Qualitative or quantitative reseach)

Quantitative research

Quantitative research is also known as __________ as it can be accurately and precisely measured

Empirical research