Btec sport / Cardiovascular system

what does the Cardiovascular system consist of?

what does the Cardiovascular system consist of?

heart, blood vessels + blood

what does the cardiovascular system do?

Transport system carrying food, nutrients, o2 and all other essential products to cells + taking away waster products of respiration

Deoxygenated blood transported...

blood leaves right side of heart passing through semi-lunar valves into pulmonary artery to travel to lungs

What does the atria do?

Receive blood returning from your body or lungs, The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the inferior vena cave, the left receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins.

What do the semi-lunar valves do (Aortic)

The aortic valve is situated between the left ventricle and the aorta, it stops flow from the aorta back to the left ventricle.

What do the semi lunar valves do? (pulmonary)

The pulmonary valve is located between the right ventricle and pulmonary artery, it prevents flow from the pulmonary artery back to the right ventricle.

What are the major blood vessels connected to the heart?

Aorta

Superior Vena Cava

Inferior vena cava

Pulmonary vein

Pulmonary artery

What does the Aorta do?

- main artery

- It originates in the left ventricle and carries oxygenated blood to all parts of the body apart from the lungs

What is the superior vena cava?

A vein that receives deoxygenated blood from the upper body and puts it into the right atrium.

What is the inferior vena cava?

A vein that reviews deoxygenated blood from the lower body and carries it to the right atrium

what does the Pulmonary vein do?

carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium

What does the pulmonary artery do?

Caries deoxygenated blood from the heart back to the lungs. Only arty that carries deoxygenated blood.

What are the types of blood vessels?

arteries

arterioles

capillaries

venules

veins

What do arteries do?

1. Carries blood away from the heart (oxygenated accept pulmonary)

2. high pressure as nearest to heart.

3. thick walls to carry blood at high speed under high pressure

4. elastic = will expand to allow more blood flow through and contract to maintain a high blood pressure

5. They do not require valves as the pressure remains high at all times

What are the two mains properties of Arteries?

Elasticity and contractility

What do arterioles do?

1. thinner walls than arteries.

2.control blood distribution by changing their diameter - This mechanism can change the blood flow to the capillaries in response to the changing demands for oxygen

3. During exercise the need for oxygen is higher so they expand to allow more blood to get to the muscles and lower the blood flow to other areas by lowering the diameter of the arterioles to that area.

4. The arterioles are responsible for controlling to the blood flow to capillaries.

What do the capillaries do?

1. Capillaries connect arteries and veins by combining arterioles and venuoles

2. They are the smallest blood vessels

3. The number of capillaries in muscles may be increase due to frequent exercise

4. They are very important as they pass next to all the muscles and allow diffusion of oxygen and nutrients that the body needs.

5. The walls of capillaries are one cell thick which allows nutrients oxygen and waste to pass through.

6. blood pressure = lower than arterioles but higher than venuoles.

What do the Veins do?

1. When the blood reaches the veins is it flowing slowly under little pressure. Contracting the muscles will push the blood back to the heart.

2. The muscle contractions are intermittent so there are a number of valves which prevent any back-flow when the muscles contract.

3. return deoxygenated blood to heart (accept pulmonary vein)

4. moved along vein via skeletal-muscle pump.

What do the Venuoles do?

1. Venuoles are small vessels that connect capillaries and veins.

2.These will take blood from the capillaries and transport deoxygenated to the veins which will take it back to the heart.

What makes up the composition of blood?

Red blood cells

Plasma

White blood cells

Platelets

red blood cells

1. They carry oxygen to living tissue.

2. All red blood cells contain haemoglobin which gives blood it's red colour.

3. a high surface area allowing them to flow easily with plasma

red blood cells in sport

Make sure o2 is deliver to muscles.

More o2 =. more respiration = more energy = increased performance.

What does plasma do?

1. straw coloured liquid which is made up by 90% water and electrolytes.

2. It carries nutrients hormones and proteins to the parts of the body that need it

plasma in sport

help quicken recovery, maintain temp as transports heat.

What do white blood cells do?

1.Which blood cells protect body from infection.

2.They are used to identify, destroy and remove pathogen.

3.They originate in bone marrow and are stored in the blood

white blood cells in sport

high infection eg graze in hockey

What do platelets do?

Platelets are disc shaped cell fragments produced in the bone marrow which clot blood to prevent blood loss:

Platelets in sport

clot + close wound to prevent infection.

What are the key functions of the cardiovascular system in response to exercise and sport?

Delivery of oxygen and nutrients

Removal of waste products (Co2 + Lactate)

Thermoregulation

How does your body Deliver oxygen and nutrients round your body?

1. through tissues of body via the bloodstream

2. During exercise your body needs more of these so your cardiovascular system responds and keep a supply for the bodies demands

3. When the cardiovascular system can not longer meet these demands fatigue will occur and the performance will deteriorate

How does your body remove waste products? (co2 + lactate)

1. It will carry waste products from the tissues to the kidneys and liver and return carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs.

2. During exercise your muscles produce more carbon dioxide and lactate and it is essential that these are removed otherwise muscle fatigue will occur.

What does thermoregulation do?

It controls the distribution and redistribution of heat around your body to ensure your body doesn't overheat during exercise

What are the two ways the body thermoregulates?

Vasodilation of the blood vessels near the skin

Vasoconstriction of the blood vessels near the skin

vasodilation

1.. decrease body temp as heat carried to surface.

2. relaxation of muscle fibres

3. widening of blood vessels

Vasoconstriction

1. increase body temp as heat loss is reduced as bloody moving away from surface.

2. limited blood flow

3. narrowing of blood vessels

How does the body fight infection?

1. White blood cells are produced in the bone marrow - stored and transported by the blood.

2.They consume and inject pathogens and destroy them, produce antibodies that will also destroy pathogens and produce antitoxins which will neutralise the toxins released by the pathogen

How does the body clot blood

1.A damaged blood vessel wall is covered by a fibrin clot to help repair the damaged vessel.

2.Platelets form a plug at the damage. Plasma components form fibrin strands to strengthen the platelet plug.

3. Which is all made possibles by the supply of blood through the cardiovascular system.

What does the Sinoatrial node do?

1. located within the wall of the right atrium.

2. sends an impulse from the right atrium through the wall as of the atria causing the muscular walls to contract which forces blood within the atria down to the ventricles.

What does the Atrioventricular node do?

1. located in the centre of the heart between the atria and ventricles.

2. it slows down the signal from the SA node.

3.Slowing down this signal allows the atria to contract before the ventricles which means the ventricles are open and ready to receive blood form the atria

What does the bundle of his do?

1.The bundle of his are heart muscles cells that transport the impulses sent from the AV node.

2.They are found in the walls of the ventricles and septum.

3.At the end of the bundle of his are the Purkinje fibres

What do purkinje fibres do?

1. Purkinje fibres are thin filaments found at the end of bundle of his.

2.They allow the ventricle to contract at a paced interval.

3.This contraction caused the blood from the ventricles to push up out of the heart to either the lungs or the working muscle

What does the autonomic nervous system do?

Regulates body functions such as breathing and heat rate

What does the sympathetic nervous system do?

Prepares the body for intense physical activity - allow heart to beat faster + lungs to work harder to produce more energy.

What does the parasympathetic nervous system do?

Relaxes your body and slows down many high energy functions - slows down hr to normal speed

How does your heart respond to exercise?

1.Anticipatory increase in heart rate

2.Increased heart rate

3.Increased cardiac output

4.Increased blood pressure

5.Redirection of blood flow to

How does your heart anticipatory increase heart rate before exercise?

Your heart will start to beat faster to prepare for the increased demand that your heart knows you are about to put on your body.

How does your body increase your heart rate during exercise?

During exercise your heart rate will need to increase to give your muscles more oxygenated blood. Nerves in your brain detect cardiovascular activity and will increase the rate and strength of your heart.

What is cardiac output

Cardiac output is the amount of blood pumped out of the left side of the heart in one minute and is measured by the heart rate times by the stroke volume

How does the body increase cardiac output during exercise?

either the stroke volume or heart rate will increase during exercise. Stroke volume doesn't normally increase very much so cardiac output is normally raised by an increased heat rate and your maximum cardiac output decreases with age

How does blood pressure increase during exercis?

Blood pressure is the pressure of blood against the walls of your arteries. During exercise your systolic blood pressure increases as your heart is working harder to supply more oxygenated blood to the working muscles and diastolic will stay the same or decrease

What is the difference between systolic blood pressure and Diastolic blood pressure?

Systolic is the pressure on your artery when you heart contracts and pushed blood out

Diastolic is the pressure on the blood vessel walls when your heart relaxes and fills with blood

How does the body redirect blood flow during exercise?

Your body will redirect oxygenated blood to the areas that need it most during exercise and away from the areas that don't need as much oxygen. The body does this by vasodilation and vasoconstriction.

How does the cardiovascular system adapt to exercise?

1.Cardiac hypertrophy

2.Increased stroke volume

3.Decreased heart rate

4.Capilarisation of skeletal muscle and alveoli

5.Lower blood pressure

6.Lower heart rate recovery time

7.Increased blood volume

How does your body cardiac hypertrophy in adaptation to exercise?

-enlargement of your heart over a long period of time.

Training = walls of the heat to get thicker = this increases the potential strength of those contractions

How does your body increase stroke volume to adapt to exercise?

You body will be able to push more blood out the heart and allow more oxygen to the muscles.

- heart can pump more blood per minute increasing cardiac output during maximal training which allows for more efficient delivery of oxygen and nutrients.

How does your body decrease heart rate to adapt to exercise?

As a result of cardiac hypertrophy and an increased stroke volume the heart doesn't need to work as hard reducing the resting heart rate.

How does your body reduce resting blood pressure as an adaption to exercise?

When exercise your blood pressure is high and when you stop it goes back down. The quicker it does this the healthier you are, so exercising often with lower blood pressure which can prevent hypertension

How does your body decrease heart rate recovery time as an adaptation to exercise?

Heart rate recovery is how much your HR falls after the first minute of exercise. The fitter your heart is the quicker it returns to normal. Fitter individuals recover faster because there cardiovascular system can adapt quicker to demands of exercise

How does your body Capilarise skeletal muscles and aveoli as an adaptation to exercise?

Long term exercise can lead to more capillaries in the cardiac and skeletal muscles, this increases blood flow as the blood vessels are larger allowing for better delivery of oxygen and nutrients

How does your body increase blood volume as an adaptation to exercise?

Blood volume is the amount of blood circulating in your body. It will increase due to capillerisation. This is increase the amount of oxygen to the working muscles.

What factors can effect the cardiovascular system?

SADS

High/Low blood pressure

Hypo/Hyperthermia

What is SADS

Sudden Arrhythmic Death Syndrome is a genetic heart condition which can result in sudden death, it can make the hearts rhythm disrupted and stop it beating

hypertension

- High blood pressure - a sudden increase in demand in the heart can be dangerous as too much force main br exerted in the heart and arteries

How does hyperthermia affect the cardiovascular system?

Hyperthermia = prolonged increase in temperature this occurred when the body produces and absorbs too much heat. Your cardiovascular system will regulate the temperature by dilating the blood vessels closer to the surface making you sweat

Hypotension

Low blood pressure - blood move slowly around your body, this can restrict the amount of blood getting to your vital organs which can cause fainting and tiredness. Low blood pressure will make it harder for your cardiovascular system to respond during exercise

How does hypothermia affect the cardiovascular system?

Hypothermia is when your body becomes too cold, ( when your body temp drops below 35)

It can cause shivering confusion and sometimes even result in your heart stopping

Oxygenated blood transported...

blood leaves left side of heart passing through semi lunar valves into aorta to travel to body.

Septum

divides heart into right + left sides keeping blood in these areas of the heart separate.

What do the coronary arteries do?

Supply oxygenated blood to the heart muscle

What do the ventricles do?

- right ventricle pumps blood to the pulmonary circulation for the lungs

- left ventricle pumps blood to the systematic circulation for the body.

What does the biscupid valve do?

It is situated between the left ventricle and left atrium, it allows blood to flow in one direction only from the left atrium to left ventricle.

What does the tricuspid valve do?

It is situated between the right atrium and right ventricle, it allows blood to flow from the right atrium to the right ventricle and prevent blood flowing backwards.