Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems of Mammals and Avian

cardiovascular and lymphatic systems

are networks of vessels and a pump that transport blood and lymph, respectively, throughout the body.

cardiovascular and lymphatic

are both integral parts of the circulatory system.

Cardiovascular System

basically moves blood throughout the body.

Lymphatic system

comprising a network of conduits called lymphatic vessels

Cardiovascular System

Circulates blood to deliver oxygen, nutrients, and hormones; removes waste products

Lymphatic System

Returns excess interstitial fluid to the bloodstream; transports fats from the digestive system

Cardiovascular system

is a closed network of organs and vessels that moves blood around the body.

Cardiovascular system

are to deliver nutrients, immune factors, and oxygen to tissues and to carry away waste products for elimination.

heart

is a four-chambered pump that propels the blood throughout the body.

right atrium

receives deoxygenated blood returning from the body via the superior and inferior vena cava

Right Ventricle

receives blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary arteries for oxygenation

Left Atrium

Receives oxygenated blood returning from the lungs via the pulmonary veins

Left Ventricle

receives blood from the left atrium and pumps it through the aorta to the rest of the body, delivering oxygen and nutrients to tissues

kidneys

filter the blood, removing waste products and eliminating them in the urine.

Liver

also filters the blood and removes damaged or defective red blood cells.

Spleen

filters and stores blood, removes damaged red blood cells, and is a reservoir for immune factors

• kidneys

• liver

• spleen

All of these filtering structures serve as sites for entrapment of microorganisms and help maintain an environment free of microorganisms in the blood

Avian cardiovascular system

not only delivers oxygen to body cells (and removes metabolic wastes) but also plays an important role in maintaining their body temperature.

Avian hearts

tend to pump more blood per unit time than mammalian hearts.

cardiac output

the amount of blood pumped per minute

greater

cardiac output (amount of blood pumped per minute) for birds is typically _ than that for mammals of the same body mass.

• heart rate (beats per minute)

• stroke volume (blood pumped with each beat).

Cardiac output is influenced by ?

Active birds

increase cardiac output primarily by increasing heart rate.

• lower

• more blood

bird hearts 'beat' at somewhat _ rates than mammals of the same size but pump _ per 'beat.'

vessels

do not form a full circulating system and are not pressurized by the heart.

lymphatic system

is an open system with the fluid moving in one direction from the extremities toward two drainage points into veins just above the heart.

Lymphatic fluids

move more slowly than blood because they are not pressurized.

small lymph capillaries

interact with blood capillaries in the interstitial spaces in tissues.

lymph capillaries

Fluids from the tissues enter the _ and are drained away

• Primary lymphoid tissue

• Secondary lymphoid tissues

two types of lymphoid tissues

• Bone marrow

• Thymus

Primary lymphoid tissues

• bone marrow

• hematopoietic stem cells (HSC)

_contains the _ that differentiate and mature into the various types of blood cells and lymphocytes.

• spleen

• lymph nodes

• several areas of diffuse lymphoid tissues underlying epithelial membranes

Secondary lymphoid tissues

Spleen

an encapsulated structure, filters blood and captures pathogens and antigens that pass into it.

specialized macrophages and dendritic cells

The spleen contains _ that are crucial for antigen presentation, a mechanism critical for activation of T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes

Lymph nodes

are bean-shaped organs situated throughout the body.

germinal centers

Lymph nodes contain _ that are rich in B and T lymphocytes.

• macrophages

• dendritic cells

Lymph nodes also contain _ for antigen presentation

• Thymus

• Bursa of Fabricus

• Bone Marrow

Primary avian Lymphoid organs

Thymus

where T cells develop, is located in the neck of birds.

Bursa of Fabricus

is an organ that is unique to birds and is the only site for B cell differentiation and maturation.

Bursa of Fabricus

Located in the rump of birds, this organ is full of stem cells and very active in young birds but atrophies after six months.

Harderian glands

occur in the orbita of all vertebrates except fishes, completely aquatic amphibians and primates.

Harder’s gland

is the dominant orbital gland (Walls 1942) and besides a lubricating and cleaning function, it plays an important part in the local immunity of the eye and upper respiratory tract.

Harderian glands

are pigmented lacrimal glands located posterior to the ocular globes.

Harderian glands

These secretory glands release a lipid- and porphyrin-rich material that lubricates the eyes and eyelids