AP Psych Unit 1B (sleep)

NREM sleep

progression from light to deep sleep

REM sleep

when most pronounced dreams occur. also called paradoxical sleep because brain is very active and heartrate and blood pressure are elevated, but major muscle groups are paralyzed

how long does each sleep cycle last?

90-110 minutes

as the night goes on, do you spend more time in light or deep sleep?

light

electrocephalogram (EEG)

identifies brain waves that characterize each stage of sleep (also how long person is in each stage)

gamma waves

highest frequency, occur when person is awake and concentrated on a task

alpha waves

slower waves that a person experiences when they are relaxing prior to sleep (Alpha= Almost Asleep)

theta waves

occur during sleep stage 1 (NREM-1)

beta waves

faster waves that occur in normal waking state

Theta waves

present in NREM-2

delta waves

longer and slower waves that are present in NREM-3

NREM-1

brief transitional phase marked by feeling of falling or floating. hypnagogic jerks occur here as well

NREM-2

largest percentage of total sleep time occurs here, it is characterized by theta waves, k complexes, and sleep spindles

sleep spindle

small burst of rapid electrical activity

k-complex

high amplitude slow brain waves

NREM-3

deepest stage of sleep. breathing, body temp, and heartrate decrease

REM rebound

when an individual deprived of REM sleep is allowed to sleep normally, they tend to have longer REM sleep and shorter NREM periods to recover

NREM rebound

same phenomenon as REM rebound

Memory consolidation (in reference to babies)

babies sleep more because they have many new experiences and memories to store during sleep

circadian rhythms

physiological functions that occur in a 24 hour cycle (ex. sleep/wake cycle)

suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

part of the HYPOTHALAMUS that governs BIOLOGICAL CLOCK— directly influences PINEAL gland which excretes MELATONIN

conciousness

our awareness of ourselves and out environment

dual processing

principle that info is simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks

phase delay

tendency of adolescents to delay their sleeping and waking times (circadian rhythm delays by about 2 hrs)

restorative theory

belief that individuals sleep to rest and rejuvenate themselves

memory consolidation theory

belief that we sleep and dream in order to sift through days events, storing necessary memories and discarding others

adaptive theory/evolutionary theory

belief that we sleep specifically at night because that was safer and more functional in the distant past (tar pits and nocturnal creatures were harder to see at night)

sigmund freud/wish fulfillment theory

belief that dreams have manifest content (actual plot of dream) and latent content (unconscious, symbolic, and underlying meaning of the dream)

activation synthesis theory

belief that while sleeping, random neural stimulation from brainstem regions activate other brain regions involved in memory, perception, and emotion (brain combines these elements to create one story line)

problem solving theory

suggests that dream allow us to work through every day emotional and cognitive problems because during sleep, our mind is not clouded with external stimuli

lucid dreaming

being aware that you are in a dream, and sometimes being able to control it

effects of sleep deprivation

personality change (becoming more irritable), body temperature drop, hallucinations, heart disease, kidney disease, high blood pressure, diabetes, stroke, obesity, and depression

insomnia

inability to fall asleep or stay asleep (may cause memory loss, irritability, weaker immune system)

narcolepsy

sudden changes from alert to asleep (involuntary). individual quickly enters REM sleep

sleep apnea

individual frequently stops breathing at night (person must restart sleep cycle often)

sleep/night terrors

waking up with high physiological aroudal (sweating, increased heartrate and respiration)— people usually don’t recall the event in the morning
NOT THE SAME AS NIGHTMARES!! nightmares occur in rem sleep while night terrors occur in NREM 

somnambulism/sleepwalking

occurs in NREM-3 because body acts on images and thought during NREM sleep

somniloquy/sleeptalking

NREM-3

REM sleep behavior disorder

when person is not paralyzed during REM (dangerous because person may act on dreams)