Pathophysiology Exam 1

why do cells adapt to changes in the internal environment

to maintain homeostasis

cells adapt to increased work demands by changing in …

size, number, and form

decreased cell size

atrophy

increased cell size

hypertrophy

increased number of cells

hyperplasia

conversion of one cell type to another

metaplasia

disorderly growth

dysplasia

what are the 5 causes of cell injury

physical, radiation, chemical, biology, nutrition

what is hypoxia

deprivation of oxygen in cells

what does hypoxia interrupt

oxidative metabolism and the generation of ATP

the longer the tissue is hypoxic, the greater chance of…

irreversible cellular injury

what are 5 causes of hypoxia

not enough oxygen in the air, respiratory disease, inability of the cells to use oxygen, edema, ischemia

apoptosis eliminates cells that are…

worn out, produced in excess, developed wrong, and genetically damaged

which programmed cell death does not stimulate the inflammatory response

apoptosis

cell death in an organ or tissues that is part of a living person

necrosis

necrosis often interferes with…

cell replacement and tissue regeneration

_____ occurs when a considerable mass of tissues undergoes necrosis

gangrene

______ is the type of programmed cell death that causes inflammation

necrosis

affected tissue becomes dry and shrinks, the skin wrinkles and its color changes to dark brown or black

dry gangrene

what is the cause of dry gangrene

lack of blood flow or no fluid

the affected area is cold, swollen, and pulseless. the skin is moist, black and under tension. blebs form on the surface, liquefaction occurs, and a foul odor occurs

wet gangrene

the spread of wet gangrene tissue damage is _____ and _____ can occur if not treated

rapid; death

what causes wet gangrene

bacteria

leading cause of death in infants in the US

congenital defects

3 causes of birth defects

genetic, environment, intrauterine

genes are found on _____

chromosomes

sex linked disorders are usually found on…

x chromosome

single-gene disorder are caused by…

a single defective or mutant gene

which kind of genetic disorder follows pattens of inheritance

single gene

what are the 2 autosomal dominant disorders

Marfan syndrome and neurofibromatosis

what is Marfan Syndrome

connective tissue disorder affected the ocular, cardiovascular, and skeletal systems

how is the CV system affected by Marfan syndrome

aortic tearing and mitral valve prolapse

how is the skeletal system affected by Marfan Syndrome

arachnodactyly, kyphoscoliosis, long thin body, and hyperextensible joints

life expectancy with Marfan syndrome

30-40 years

what is Neurofibromatosis

disorder where neurogenic tumors arise from the Schwann cells of the PNS

what are neurofibromas

tumor like growth of neurons

what is the only autosomal recessive disorder given

phenylketonuria

what is phenylketonuria

metabolic disorder caused by a deficiency of the liver enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase

what does phenylalanine hydroxylase convert phenylalanine to

tyrosine

symptoms if phenylketonuria is not treated

intellectual disability, microcephaly, delayed speech, neuro impairment

treatment for phenylketonuria

routine screening at birth and dietary restriction for life

what is fragile x syndrome

fragile site on the x chromosome where the chromatin fails to condense during mitosis

fragile x affects more _____ because…

males; they don’t have another X to pick up the workload

what is the second most common cause of intellectual disability after down syndrome

fragile x syndrome

symptoms of fragile x syndrome

long face, large mandible, everted ears and testicles, hyperextensible joints, color blindness

treatment for fragile x syndrome

supportive

multifactorial inheritance disorder are caused by ____ and ____

multiple defective genes; environmental factors

cleft lip, clubfoot, congenital dislocation of the hip, congenital heart disease, pyloric stenosis, and UT malformation are all examples of…

multifactorial inheritance disorders

most common birth defect

cleft lip and palate

factors that increase risk of cleft lip and palate

rubella and drug exposure

chromosomal disorders are cause by alterations in chromosome ______, _______, and _______

duplication, number, and structure

3 chromosomal disorders given

trisomy 21, monosomy x, and polysomy x

what is trisomy 21

down syndrome

biggest risk for down syndrome

old eggs

down syndrome clients have a higher risk for ______

alzheimer’s

what happens to the chromosomes with down syndrome

extra 21st chromosome

what is monosomy x

turner syndrome

what happens to the chromosomes with turner syndrome

absence of all or part of the x chromosome

symptoms of turner syndrome

no secondary sex characteristics

treatment for turner syndrome

estrogen and growth hormones

what is polysomy x

klinefelter syndrome

what happens to the chromosomes with klinefelter syndrome

one or more extra x chromosomes

symptoms of klinefelter syndrome

abnormal feminization of males and infertility

treatment for klinefelter syndrome

testosterone

what are teratogenic agents

produce abnormalities during fetal development

when are we most susceptible to teratogenic agents

organogenesis

zika virus can cause ______ in babies

microcephaly

growth retardation, neurological abnormalities, behavioral dysfunction, intellectual impairments, skull/brain malformation, short palpebral fissures, thin upper lip, and flat midface/philtrum are all symptoms of _____

fetal alcohol syndrome

neoplasia means…

new growth

what 2 things do neoplastic cells do

proliferate to form new tissue and ignore signals to stop dividing

benign tumors have ______ cells

differentiated

malignant tumors have _____ cells

undifferentiated

what are stem cells

reserve cells that remain dormant until there is a need for cell replenishment

when a stem cells divides, what do the 2 new cells do

one retains the stem cell characteristics and the other proceeds through differentiation

what is self renewal

regeneration of cells

what is potency

ability to become different types of tissue (not nervous)

what is a tumor

mass of cells due to overgrowth

3 stages of oncogenesis

initiation, promotion, progression

what is the initiation stage in oncogenesis

initial mutation occurs

what is the promotion stage in oncogenesis

mutated cells are stimulated to divide

what is the progression stage in oncogenesis

tumor cells compete with one another and develop more mutations which makes them more aggressive

how to name benign tumors

tissue name + oma

how to name epithelial malignant tumors

tissue name + carcinoma

how to name malignant mesenchymal tissue

tissue name + sarcoma

benign tumor of glandular epithelial tissue

adenoma

malignant tumor of glandular epithelial tissue

adenocarcinoma

malignant tumor of epithelial tissue

carcinoma

benign tumor of bone tissue

osteoma

malignant tumo of mesenchymal origin

sarcoma

benign microscopic or macroscopic fingerlike projections growing on a surface

papilliomas

_____ tumors may perform the normal function of the tissue

benign

_____ tumors usually have a capsule around them and do not invade neighboring tissues

benign

how can benign tumors cause damage to nearby organs

they grow and compress them

_____ tumors divide rapidly and send out crab-like legs to spread

malignant

3 ways cancer can spread

direct invasion (crab like legs), seeding of cancer cells in body cavities, and metastatic spread through the blood/lymph pathways

______ is the place where cancer has travelled to

secondary site

what are the 2 steps to metastasis

cells in a primary tumor develop the ability to escape and travel in the blood, development of secondary tumor

what are some factors leading to getting cancer

heredity, hormones, carcinogens, oncogenic viruses, immunologic mechanisms, and obesity

what are some factors that encourage cancer growth

stem cells, angiogenesis, and microenvironmental effects

formation of blood vessels

angiogenesis