Lesson 4- Ventilation control and Respiratory volumes

Ventilation Control

• Respiratory rate-the total number of breaths/minute.

• Normal rate is 12-20 breaths/minute

• Respiratory centers that control rate are located in the medulla and pons

Nervous input-Factors that influence Ventilation

• Intercostal and phrenic nerve stimulate muscles to contract for inspiration

Chemical Output-Factors that influence Ventilation

Chemoreceptors sense CO2 and O2 levels, Increased CO2 levels increases respiration

Non-Respiratory Movements

• Can be caused by reflexes or voluntary actions

• Cough and sneeze-clears lungs of debris

• Lagging and crying -Inspiration followed by short expirations

• Yawn-Very deep inspiration, ventilates all alveoli

• Hiccup-results from spasms of diaphragm

Hyperventilation-Types of Breathing

Rapid,deep respirations

Hypoventilation-Types of Breathing

Slow, shallow respirations

Dyspnea-Types of Breathing

• Labored or difficult respirations

Apnea-Types of Breathing

Temporary stoppage of breathing

Spirometer

Volumes of air exchanged in breathing can be measured by this

• Factors that affect respiratory capacity

• Persons size

• Sex

• Age

• Physical condition

Tidal Volume

Amount of air normally breathed in or out with each breath

Inspiratory reserve volume

Amount of air that can be taken in forcibly over the tidal volume

Expiratory reserve volume

Amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled

Residual Volume

Air remains in lung until after expiration stops lungs from collapsing

Vital capacity

• Total volume of air an individual can move in and out of the lungs

• Vital capacity=TV+IRV+ERV