states that when a stress is applied to a system at equilibrium, the equilibrium shifts to relieve the stress.
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→Gases
________ have more disorder and therefore higher entropy than liquids because particles in the gas move around more freely than particles in the liquid.
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non spontaneous reaction condition
A(n) positive value for ∆G means that free energy must be added and the process is nonspontaneous.
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∆S
Conversely, ________ has a negative value if the disorder of a system decreases.
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catalyst
A(n) ________ does not affect the energy level of either reactants or products.
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chemical compounds
In ________, the attractive forces between ions or atoms are a form of potential energy.
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spontaneous reaction conditio
A(n) negative for ∆G means that free energy is released and the reaction or process is spontaneous.
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endothermic
A(n) chemical change that absorbs heat, like the breaking of bonds, is endothermic.
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exothermic processes
For ________, heat is released (lost) and is indicated with a negative sign.
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nonspontaneous process
A(n) ________ requires continuous external influence and is endergonic; that is, free energy is added and it has a positive value of ∆G.
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external assistance
A spontaneous process, once begun, proceeds without any ________ and is exergonic; that is, free energy is released and it has a negative value of ∆G.
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reverse reactions
When a reaction reaches equilibrium, the rates of the forward and ________ are equal, and the concentrations of reactants and products remain constant.
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external influence
A spontaneous process is one that, once started, proceeds on its own without any ________.
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There are two fundamental kinds of energy
potential and kinetic
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Two factors determine the spontaneity of a chemical or physical change
the release or absorption of heat, ∆H, and the increase or decrease in entropy, ∆S
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K much smaller than 0.001
Only reactants are present at equilibrium; essentially no reaction occurs
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K between 0.001 and 1
More reactants than products are present at equilibrium
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K between 1 and 1000
More products than reactants are present at equilibrium
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K much larger than 1000
Only products are present at equilibrium; reaction goes essentially to completion
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potential energy
it is stored energy
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kinetic energy
it is the energy of the motion
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bond dissociation energy
amount of energy that must be absorbed to break the bond and separate the atoms in an isolated gaseous molecule.
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heat of reaction
The difference between the heat energy absorbed in breaking bonds and the heat energy released in forming bonds
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entropy
The amount of disorder in a system
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activation energy
The amount of energy the colliding particles must have for productive collisions to occur
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Flashcard (38)